Independent Submission J. Chroboczek
Request for Comments: 6126 PPS, University of Paris 7
Category: Experimental April 2011
ISSN: 2070-1721
The Babel Routing Protocol
Abstract
Babel is a loop-avoiding distance-vector routing protocol that is
robust and efficient both in ordinary wired networks and in wireless
mesh networks.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently
of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6126.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Specification of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Conceptual Description of the Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Costs, Metrics, and Neighbourship . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. The Bellman-Ford Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Transient Loops in Bellman-Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Feasibility Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5. Solving Starvation: Sequencing Routes . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6. Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.7. Multiple Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8. Overlapping Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Protocol Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1. Message Transmission and Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Acknowledged Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4. Neighbour Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5. Routing Table Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6. Route Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.7. Sending Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.8. Explicit Route Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Protocol Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1. Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2. Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3. TLV Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4. Details of Specific TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix A. Cost and Metric Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A.1. Maintaining Hello History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A.2. Cost Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
A.3. Metric Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix B. Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix C. Simplified Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Appendix D. Software Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
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1. Introduction
Babel is a loop-avoiding distance-vector routing protocol that is
designed to be robust and efficient both in networks using prefix-
based routing and in networks using flat routing ("mesh networks"),
and both in relatively stable wired networks and in highly dynamic
wireless networks.
1.1. Features
The main property that makes Babel suitable for unstable networks is
that, unlike naive distance-vector routing protocols [RIP], it
strongly limits the frequency and duration of routing pathologies
such as routing loops and black-holes during reconvergence. Even
after a mobility event is detected, a Babel network usually remains
loop-free. Babel then quickly reconverges to a configuration that
preserves the loop-freedom and connectedness of the network, but is
not necessarily optimal; in many cases, this operation requires no
packet exchanges at all. Babel then slowly converges, in a time on
the scale of minutes, to an optimal configuration. This is achieved
by using sequenced routes, a technique pioneered by Destination-
Sequenced Distance-Vector routing [DSDV].
More precisely, Babel has the following properties:
o when every prefix is originated by at most one router, Babel never
suffers from routing loops;
o when a prefix is originated by multiple routers, Babel may
occasionally create a transient routing loop for this particular
prefix; this loop disappears in a time proportional to its
diameter, and never again (up to an arbitrary garbage-collection
(GC) time) will the routers involved participate in a routing loop
for the same prefix;
o assuming reasonable packet loss rates, any routing black-holes
that may appear after a mobility event are corrected in a time at
most proportional to the network's diameter.
Babel has provisions for link quality estimation and for fairly
arbitrary metrics. When configured suitably, Babel can implement
shortest-path routing, or it may use a metric based, for example, on
measured packet loss.
Babel nodes will successfully establish an association even when they
are configured with different parameters. For example, a mobile node
that is low on battery may choose to use larger time constants (hello
and update intervals, etc.) than a node that has access to wall
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power. Conversely, a node that detects high levels of mobility may
choose to use smaller time constants. The ability to build such
heterogeneous networks makes Babel particularly adapted to the
wireless environment.
Finally, Babel is a hybrid routing protocol, in the sense that it can
carry routes for multiple network-layer protocols (IPv4 and IPv6),
whichever protocol the Babel packets are themselves being carried
over.
1.2. Limitations
Babel has two limitations that make it unsuitable for use in some
environments. First, Babel relies on periodic routing table updates
rather than using a reliable transport; hence, in large, stable
networks it generates more traffic than protocols that only send
updates when the network topology changes. In such networks,
protocols such as OSPF [OSPF], IS-IS [IS-IS], or the Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) [EIGRP] might be more
suitable.
Second, Babel does impose a hold time when a prefix is retracted
(Section 3.5.5). While this hold time does not apply to the exact
prefix being retracted, and hence does not prevent fast reconvergence
should it become available again, it does apply to any shorter prefix
that covers it. Hence, if a previously deaggregated prefix becomes
aggregated, it will be unreachable for a few minutes. This makes
Babel unsuitable for use in mobile networks that implement automatic
prefix aggregation.
1.3. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Conceptual Description of the Protocol
Babel is a mostly loop-free distance vector protocol: it is based on
the Bellman-Ford protocol, just like the venerable RIP [RIP], but
includes a number of refinements that either prevent loop formation
altogether, or ensure that a loop disappears in a timely manner and
doesn't form again.
Conceptually, Bellman-Ford is executed in parallel for every source
of routing information (destination of data traffic). In the
following discussion, we fix a source S; the reader will recall that
the same algorithm is executed for all sources.
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2.1. Costs, Metrics, and Neighbourship
As many routing algorithms, Babel computes costs of links between any
two neighbouring nodes, abstract values attached to the edges between
two nodes. We write C(A, B) for the cost of the edge from node A to
node B.
Given a route between any two nodes, the metric of the route is the
sum of the costs of all the edges along the route. The goal of the
routing algorithm is to compute, for every source S, the tree of the
routes of lowest metric to S.
Costs and metrics need not be integers. In general, they can be
values in any algebra that satisfies two fairly general conditions
(Section 3.5.2).
A Babel node periodically broadcasts Hello messages to all of its
neighbours; it also periodically sends an IHU ("I Heard You") message
to every neighbour from which it has recently heard a Hello. From
the information derived from Hello and IHU messages received from its
neighbour B, a node A computes the cost C(A, B) of the link from A to
B.
2.2. The Bellman-Ford Algorithm
Every node A maintains two pieces of data: its estimated distance to
S, written D(A), and its next-hop router to S, written NH(A).
Initially, D(S) = 0, D(A) is infinite, and NH(A) is undefined.
Periodically, every node B sends to all of its neighbours a route
update, a message containing D(B). When a neighbour A of B receives
the route update, it checks whether B is its selected next hop; if
that is the case, then NH(A) is set to B, and D(A) is set to C(A, B)
+ D(B). If that is not the case, then A compares C(A, B) + D(B) to
its current value of D(A). If that value is smaller, meaning that
the received update advertises a route that is better than the
currently selected route, then NH(A) is set to B, and D(A) is set to
C(A, B) + D(B).
A number of refinements to this algorithm are possible, and are used
by Babel. In particular, convergence speed may be increased by
sending unscheduled "triggered updates" whenever a major change in
the topology is detected, in addition to the regular, scheduled
updates. Additionally, a node may maintain a number of alternate
routes, which are being advertised by neighbours other than its
selected neighbour, and which can be used immediately if the selected
route were to fail.
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2.3. Transient Loops in Bellman-Ford
It is well known that a naive application of Bellman-Ford to
distributed routing can cause transient loops after a topology
change. Consider for example the following diagram:
B
1 /|
1 / |
S --- A |1
\ |
1 \|
C
After convergence, D(B) = D(C) = 2, with NH(B) = NH(C) = A.
Suppose now that the link between S and A fails:
B
1 /|
/ |
S A |1
\ |
1 \|
C
When it detects the failure of the link, A switches its next hop to B
(which is still advertising a route to S with metric 2), and
advertises a metric equal to 3, and then advertises a new route with
metric 3. This process of nodes changing selected neighbours and
increasing their metric continues until the advertised metric reaches
"infinity", a value larger than all the metrics that the routing
protocol is able to carry.
2.4. Feasibility Conditions
Bellman-Ford is a very robust algorithm: its convergence properties
are preserved when routers delay route acquisition or when they
discard some updates. Babel routers discard received route
announcements unless they can prove that accepting them cannot
possibly cause a routing loop.
More formally, we define a condition over route announcements, known
as the feasibility condition, that guarantees the absence of routing
loops whenever all routers ignore route updates that do not satisfy
the feasibility condition. In effect, this makes Bellman-Ford into a
family of routing algorithms, parameterised by the feasibility
condition.
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Many different feasibility conditions are possible. For example, BGP
can be modelled as being a distance-vector protocol with a (rather
drastic) feasibility condition: a routing update is only accepted
when the receiving node's AS number is not included in the update's
AS-Path attribute (note that BGP's feasibility condition does not
ensure the absence of transitory "micro-loops" during reconvergence).
Another simple feasibility condition, used in Destination-Sequenced
Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing [DSDV] and in Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector (AODV) routing, stems from the following observation:
a routing loop can only arise after a router has switched to a route
with a larger metric than the route that it had previously selected.
Hence, one could decide that a route is feasible only when its metric
at the local node would be no larger than the metric of the currently
selected route, i.e., an announcement carrying a metric D(B) is
accepted by A when C(A, B) + D(B) <= D(A). If all routers obey this
constraint, then the metric at every router is nonincreasing, and the
following invariant is always preserved: if A has selected B as its
successor, then D(B) < D(A), which implies that the forwarding graph
is loop-free.
Babel uses a slightly more refined feasibility condition, used in
EIGRP [DUAL]. Given a router A, define the feasibility distance of
A, written FD(A), as the smallest metric that A has ever advertised
for S to any of its neighbours. An update sent by a neighbour B of A
is feasible when the metric D(B) advertised by B is strictly smaller
than A's feasibility distance, i.e., when D(B) < FD(A).
It is easy to see that this latter condition is no more restrictive
than DSDV-feasibility. Suppose that node A obeys DSDV-feasibility;
then D(A) is nonincreasing, hence at all times D(A) <= FD(A).
Suppose now that A receives a DSDV-feasible update that advertises a
metric D(B). Since the update is DSDV-feasible, C(A, B) + D(B) <=
D(A), hence D(B) < D(A), and since D(A) <= FD(A), D(B) < FD(A).
To see that it is strictly less restrictive, consider the following
diagram, where A has selected the route through B, and D(A) = FD(A) =
2. Since D(C) = 1 < FD(A), the alternate route through C is feasible
for A, although its metric C(A, C) + D(C) = 5 is larger than that of
the currently selected route:
B
1 / \ 1
/ \
S A
\ /
1 \ / 4
C
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To show that this feasibility condition still guarantees loop-
freedom, recall that at the time when A accepts an update from B, the
metric D(B) announced by B is no smaller than FD(B); since it is
smaller than FD(A), at that point in time FD(B) < FD(A). Since this
property is preserved when A sends updates, it remains true at all
times, which ensures that the forwarding graph has no loops.
2.5. Solving Starvation: Sequencing Routes
Obviously, the feasibility conditions defined above cause starvation
when a router runs out of feasible routes. Consider the following
diagram, where both A and B have selected the direct route to S:
A
1 /| D(A) = 1
/ | FD(A) = 1
S |1
\ | D(B) = 2
2 \| FD(B) = 2
B
Suppose now that the link between A and S breaks:
A
|
| FD(A) = 1
S |1
\ | D(B) = 2
2 \| FD(B) = 2
B
The only route available from A to S, the one that goes through B, is
not feasible: A suffers from a spurious starvation.
At this point, the whole network must be rebooted in order to solve
the starvation; this is essentially what EIGRP does when it performs
a global synchronisation of all the routers in the network with the
source (the "active" phase of EIGRP).
Babel reacts to starvation in a less drastic manner, by using
sequenced routes, a technique introduced by DSDV and adopted by AODV.
In addition to a metric, every route carries a sequence number, a
nondecreasing integer that is propagated unchanged through the
network and is only ever incremented by the source; a pair (s, m),
where s is a sequence number and m a metric, is called a distance.
A received update is feasible when either it is more recent than the
feasibility distance maintained by the receiving node, or it is
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equally recent and the metric is strictly smaller. More formally, if
FD(A) = (s, m), then an update carrying the distance (s', m') is
feasible when either s' > s, or s = s' and m' < m.
Assuming the sequence number of S is 137, the diagram above becomes:
A
|
| FD(A) = (137, 1)
S |1
\ | D(B) = (137, 2)
2 \| FD(B) = (137, 2)
B
After S increases its sequence number, and the new sequence number is
propagated to B, we have:
A
|
| FD(A) = (137, 1)
S |1
\ | D(B) = (138, 2)
2 \| FD(B) = (138, 2)
B
at which point the route through B becomes feasible again.
Note that while sequence numbers are used for determining
feasibility, they are not necessarily used in route selection: a node
will normally ignore the sequence number when selecting a route
(Section 3.6).
2.6. Requests
In DSDV, the sequence number of a source is increased periodically.
A route becomes feasible again after the source increases its
sequence number, and the new sequence number is propagated through
the network, which may, in general, require a significant amount of
time.
Babel takes a different approach. When a node detects that it is
suffering from a potentially spurious starvation, it sends an
explicit request to the source for a new sequence number. This
request is forwarded hop by hop to the source, with no regard to the
feasibility condition. Upon receiving the request, the source
increases its sequence number and broadcasts an update, which is
forwarded to the requesting node.
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Note that after a change in network topology not all such requests
will, in general, reach the source, as some will be sent over links
that are now broken. However, if the network is still connected,
then at least one among the nodes suffering from spurious starvation
has an (unfeasible) route to the source; hence, in the absence of
packet loss, at least one such request will reach the source.
(Resending requests a small number of times compensates for packet
loss.)
Since requests are forwarded with no regard to the feasibility
condition, they may, in general, be caught in a forwarding loop; this
is avoided by having nodes perform duplicate detection for the
requests that they forward.
2.7. Multiple Routers
The above discussion assumes that every prefix is originated by a
single router. In real networks, however, it is often necessary to
have a single prefix originated by multiple routers; for example, the
default route will be originated by all of the edge routers of a
routing domain.
Since synchronising sequence numbers between distinct routers is
problematic, Babel treats routes for the same prefix as distinct
entities when they are originated by different routers: every route
announcement carries the router-id of its originating router, and
feasibility distances are not maintained per prefix, but per source,
where a source is a pair of a router-id and a prefix. In effect,
Babel guarantees loop-freedom for the forwarding graph to every
source; since the union of multiple acyclic graphs is not in general
acyclic, Babel does not in general guarantee loop-freedom when a
prefix is originated by multiple routers, but any loops will be
broken in a time at most proportional to the diameter of the loop --
as soon as an update has "gone around" the routing loop.
Consider for example the following diagram, where A has selected the
default route through S, and B has selected the one through S':
1 1 1
::/0 -- S --- A --- B --- S' -- ::/0
Suppose that both default routes fail at the same time; then nothing
prevents A from switching to B, and B simultaneously switching to A.
However, as soon as A has successfully advertised the new route to B,
the route through A will become unfeasible for B. Conversely, as
soon as B will have advertised the route through A, the route through
B will become unfeasible for A.
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In effect, the routing loop disappears at the latest when routing
information has gone around the loop. Since this process can be
delayed by lost packets, Babel makes certain efforts to ensure that
updates are sent reliably after a router-id change.
Additionally, after the routers have advertised the two routes, both
sources will be in their source tables, which will prevent them from
ever again participating in a routing loop involving routes from S
and S' (up to the source GC time, which, available memory permitting,
can be set to arbitrarily large values).
2.8. Overlapping Prefixes
In the above discussion, we have assumed that all prefixes are
disjoint, as is the case in flat ("mesh") routing. In practice,
however, prefixes may overlap: for example, the default route
overlaps with all of the routes present in the network.
After a route fails, it is not correct in general to switch to a
route that subsumes the failed route. Consider for example the
following configuration:
1 1
::/0 -- A --- B --- C
Suppose that node C fails. If B forwards packets destined to C by
following the default route, a routing loop will form, and persist
until A learns of B's retraction of the direct route to C. Babel
avoids this pitfall by maintaining an "unreachable" route for a few
minutes after a route is retracted; the time for which such a route
must be maintained should be the worst-case propagation time of the
retraction of the route to C.
3. Protocol Operation
Every Babel speaker is assigned a router-id, which is an arbitrary
string of 8 octets that is assumed unique across the routing domain.
We suggest that router-ids should be assigned in modified EUI-64
format [ADDRARCH]. (As a matter of fact, the protocol encoding is
slightly more compact when router-ids are assigned in the same manner
as the IPv6 layer assigns host IDs.)
3.1. Message Transmission and Reception
Babel protocol packets are sent in the body of a UDP datagram. Each
Babel packet consists of one or more TLVs.
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The source address of a Babel packet is always a unicast address,
link-local in the case of IPv6. Babel packets may be sent to a well-
known (link-local) multicast address (this is the usual case) or to a
(link-local) unicast address. In normal operation, a Babel speaker
sends both multicast and unicast packets to its neighbours.
With the exception of Hello TLVs and acknowledgements, all Babel TLVs
can be sent to either unicast or multicast addresses, and their
semantics does not depend on whether the destination was a unicast or
multicast address. Hence, a Babel speaker does not need to determine
the destination address of a packet that it receives in order to
interpret it.
A moderate amount of jitter is applied to packets sent by a Babel
speaker: outgoing TLVs are buffered and SHOULD be sent with a small
random delay. This is done for two purposes: it avoids
synchronisation of multiple Babel speakers across a network [JITTER],
and it allows for the aggregation of multiple TLVs into a single
packet.
The exact delay and amount of jitter applied to a packet depends on
whether it contains any urgent TLVs. Acknowledgement TLVs MUST be
sent before the deadline specified in the corresponding request. The
particular class of updates specified in Section 3.7.2 MUST be sent
in a timely manner. The particular class of request and update TLVs
specified in Section 3.8.2 SHOULD be sent in a timely manner.
3.2. Data Structures
Every Babel speaker maintains a number of data structures.
3.2.1. Sequence Number
A node's sequence number is a 16-bit integer that is included in
route updates sent for routes originated by this node. A node
increments its sequence number (modulo 2^16) whenever it receives a
request for a new sequence number (Section 3.8.1.2).
A node SHOULD NOT increment its sequence number (seqno)
spontaneously, since increasing seqnos makes it less likely that
other nodes will have feasible alternate routes when their selected
routes fail.
3.2.2. The Interface Table
The interface table contains the list of interfaces on which the node
speaks the Babel protocol. Every interface table entry contains the
interface's Hello seqno, a 16-bit integer that is sent with each
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Hello TLV on this interface and is incremented (modulo 2^16) whenever
a Hello is sent. (Note that an interface's Hello seqno is unrelated
to the node's seqno.)
There are two timers associated with each interface table entry --
the Hello timer, which governs the sending of periodic Hello and IHU
packets, and the update timer, which governs the sending of periodic
route updates.
3.2.3. The Neighbour Table
The neighbour table contains the list of all neighbouring interfaces
from which a Babel packet has been recently received. The neighbour
table is indexed by pairs of the form (interface, address), and every
neighbour table entry contains the following data:
o the local node's interface over which this neighbour is reachable;
o the address of the neighbouring interface;
o a history of recently received Hello packets from this neighbour;
this can, for example, be a sequence of n bits, for some small
value n, indicating which of the n hellos most recently sent by
this neighbour have been received by the local node;
o the "transmission cost" value from the last IHU packet received
from this neighbour, or FFFF hexadecimal (infinity) if the IHU
hold timer for this neighbour has expired;
o the neighbour's expected Hello sequence number, an integer modulo
2^16.
There are two timers associated with each neighbour entry -- the
hello timer, which is initialised from the interval value carried by
Hello TLVs, and the IHU timer, which is initialised to a small
multiple of the interval carried in IHU TLVs.
Note that the neighbour table is indexed by IP addresses, not by
router-ids: neighbourship is a relationship between interfaces, not
between nodes. Therefore, two nodes with multiple interfaces can
participate in multiple neighbourship relationships, a fairly common
situation when wireless nodes with multiple radios are involved.
3.2.4. The Source Table
The source table is used to record feasibility distances. It is
indexed by triples of the form (prefix, plen, router-id), and every
source table entry contains the following data:
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o the prefix (prefix, plen), where plen is the prefix length, that
this entry applies to;
o the router-id of a router originating this prefix;
o a pair (seqno, metric), this source's feasibility distance.
There is one timer associated with each entry in the source table --
the source garbage-collection timer. It is initialised to a time on
the order of minutes and reset as specified in Section 3.7.3.
3.2.5. The Route Table
The route table contains the routes known to this node. It is
indexed by triples of the form (prefix, plen, neighbour), and every
route table entry contains the following data:
o the source (prefix, plen, router-id) for which this route is
advertised;
o the neighbour that advertised this route;
o the metric with which this route was advertised by the neighbour,
or FFFF hexadecimal (infinity) for a recently retracted route;
o the sequence number with which this route was advertised;
o the next-hop address of this route;
o a boolean flag indicating whether this route is selected, i.e.,
whether it is currently being used for forwarding and is being
advertised.
There is one timer associated with each route table entry -- the
route expiry timer. It is initialised and reset as specified in
Section 3.5.4.
3.2.6. The Table of Pending Requests
The table of pending requests contains a list of seqno requests that
the local node has sent (either because they have been originated
locally, or because they were forwarded) and to which no reply has
been received yet. This table is indexed by prefixes, and every
entry in this table contains the following data:
o the prefix, router-id, and seqno being requested;
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o the neighbour, if any, on behalf of which we are forwarding this
request;
o a small integer indicating the number of times that this request
will be resent if it remains unsatisfied.
There is one timer associated with each pending request; it governs
both the resending of requests and their expiry.
3.3. Acknowledged Packets
A Babel speaker may request that any neighbour receiving a given
packet reply with an explicit acknowledgement within a given time.
While the use of acknowledgement requests is optional, every Babel
speaker MUST be able to reply to such a request.
An acknowledgement MUST be sent to a unicast destination. On the
other hand, acknowledgement requests may be sent to either unicast or
multicast destinations, in which case they request an acknowledgement
from all of the receiving nodes.
When to request acknowledgements is a matter of local policy; the
simplest strategy is to never request acknowledgements and to rely on
periodic updates to ensure that any reachable routes are eventually
propagated throughout the routing domain. For increased efficiency,
we suggest that acknowledged packets should be used in order to send
urgent updates (Section 3.7.2) when the number of neighbours on a
given interface is small. Since Babel is designed to deal gracefully
with packet loss on unreliable media, sending all packets with
acknowledgement requests is not necessary, and not even recommended,
as the acknowledgements cause additional traffic and may force
additional Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) or Neighbour Discovery
exchanges.
3.4. Neighbour Acquisition
Neighbour acquisition is the process by which a Babel node discovers
the set of neighbours heard over each of its interfaces and
ascertains bidirectional reachability. On unreliable media,
neighbour acquisition additionally provides some statistics that MAY
be used in link quality computation.
3.4.1. Reverse Reachability Detection
Every Babel node sends periodic Hellos over each of its interfaces.
Each Hello TLV carries an increasing (modulo 2^16) sequence number
and the interval between successive periodic packets sent on this
particular interface.
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In addition to the periodic Hello packets, a node MAY send
unscheduled Hello packets, e.g., to accelerate link cost estimation
when a new neighbour is discovered, or when link conditions have
suddenly changed.
A node MAY change its Hello interval. The Hello interval MAY be
decreased at any time; it SHOULD NOT be increased, except immediately
before sending a Hello packet. (Equivalently, a node SHOULD send an
unscheduled Hello immediately after increasing its Hello interval.)
How to deal with received Hello TLVs and what statistics to maintain
are considered local implementation matters; typically, a node will
maintain some sort of history of recently received Hellos. A
possible algorithm is described in Appendix A.1.
After receiving a Hello, or determining that it has missed one, the
node recomputes the association's cost (Section 3.4.3) and runs the
route selection procedure (Section 3.6).
3.4.2. Bidirectional Reachability Detection
In order to establish bidirectional reachability, every node sends
periodic IHU ("I Heard You") TLVs to each of its neighbours. Since
IHUs carry an explicit interval value, they MAY be sent less often
than Hellos in order to reduce the amount of routing traffic in dense
networks; in particular, they SHOULD be sent less often than Hellos
over links with little packet loss. While IHUs are conceptually
unicast, they SHOULD be sent to a multicast address in order to avoid
an ARP or Neighbour Discovery exchange and to aggregate multiple IHUs
in a single packet.
In addition to the periodic IHUs, a node MAY, at any time, send an
unscheduled IHU packet. It MAY also, at any time, decrease its IHU
interval, and it MAY increase its IHU interval immediately before
sending an IHU.
Every IHU TLV contains two pieces of data: the link's rxcost
(reception cost) from the sender's perspective, used by the neighbour
for computing link costs (Section 3.4.3), and the interval between
periodic IHU packets. A node receiving an IHU updates the value of
the sending neighbour's txcost (transmission cost), from its
perspective, to the value contained in the IHU, and resets this
neighbour's IHU timer to a small multiple of the value received in
the IHU.
When a neighbour's IHU timer expires, its txcost is set to infinity.
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After updating a neighbour's txcost, the receiving node recomputes
the neighbour's cost (Section 3.4.3) and runs the route selection
procedure (Section 3.6).
3.4.3. Cost Computation
A neighbourship association's link cost is computed from the values
maintained in the neighbour table -- namely, the statistics kept in
the neighbour table about the reception of Hellos, and the txcost
computed from received IHU packets.
For every neighbour, a Babel node computes a value known as this
neighbour's rxcost. This value is usually derived from the Hello
history, which may be combined with other data, such as statistics
maintained by the link layer. The rxcost is sent to a neighbour in
each IHU.
How the txcost and rxcost are combined in order to compute a link's
cost is a matter of local policy; as far as Babel's correctness is
concerned, only the following conditions MUST be satisfied:
o the cost is strictly positive;
o if no hellos were received recently, then the cost is infinite;
o if the txcost is infinite, then the cost is infinite.
Note that while this document does not constrain cost computation any
further, not all cost computation strategies will give good results.
We give a few examples of strategies for computing a link's cost that
are known to work well in practice in Appendix A.2.
3.5. Routing Table Maintenance
Conceptually, a Babel update is a quintuple (prefix, plen, router-id,
seqno, metric), where (prefix, plen) is the prefix for which a route
is being advertised, router-id is the router-id of the router
originating this update, seqno is a nondecreasing (modulo 2^16)
integer that carries the originating router seqno, and metric is the
announced metric.
Before being accepted, an update is checked against the feasibility
condition (Section 3.5.1), which ensures that the route does not
create a routing loop. If the feasibility condition is not
satisfied, the update is either ignored or treated as a retraction,
depending on some other conditions (Section 3.5.4). If the
feasibility condition is satisfied, then the update cannot possibly
cause a routing loop, and the update is accepted.
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3.5.1. The Feasibility Condition
The feasibility condition is applied to all received updates. The
feasibility condition compares the metric in the received update with
the metrics of the updates previously sent by the receiving node;
updates with finite metrics large enough to cause a loop are
discarded.
A feasibility distance is a pair (seqno, metric), where seqno is an
integer modulo 2^16 and metric is a positive integer. Feasibility
distances are compared lexicographically, with the first component
inverted: we say that a distance (seqno, metric) is strictly better
than a distance (seqno', metric'), written
(seqno, metric) < (seqno', metric')
when
seqno > seqno' or (seqno = seqno' and metric < metric')
where sequence numbers are compared modulo 2^16.
Given a source (p, plen, id), a node's feasibility distance for this
source is the minimum, according to the ordering defined above, of
the distances of all the finite updates ever sent by this particular
node for the prefix (p, plen) carrying the router-id id. Feasibility
distances are maintained in the source table; the exact procedure is
given in Section 3.7.3.
A received update is feasible when either it is a retraction (its
metric is FFFF hexadecimal), or the advertised distance is strictly
better, in the sense defined above, than the feasibility distance for
the corresponding source. More precisely, a route advertisement
carrying the quintuple (prefix, plen, router-id, seqno, metric) is
feasible if one of the following conditions holds:
o metric is infinite; or
o no entry exists in the source table indexed by (id, prefix, plen);
or
o an entry (prefix, plen, router-id, seqno', metric') exists in the
source table, and either
* seqno' < seqno or
* seqno = seqno' and metric < metric'.
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Note that the feasibility condition considers the metric advertised
by the neighbour, not the route's metric; hence, a fluctuation in a
neighbour's cost cannot render a selected route unfeasible.
3.5.2. Metric Computation
A route's metric is computed from the metric advertised by the
neighbour and the neighbour's link cost. Just like cost computation,
metric computation is considered a local policy matter; as far as
Babel is concerned, the function M(c, m) used for computing a metric
from a locally computed link cost and the metric advertised by a
neighbour MUST only satisfy the following conditions:
o if c is infinite, then M(c, m) is infinite;
o M is strictly monotonic: M(c, m) > m.
Additionally, the metric SHOULD satisfy the following condition:
o M is isotonic: if m <= m', then M(c, m) <= M(c, m').
Note that while strict monotonicity is essential to the integrity of
the network (persistent routing loops may appear if it is not
satisfied), isotonicity is not: if it is not satisfied, Babel will
still converge to a locally optimal routing table, but might not
reach a global optimum (in fact, such a global optimum may not even
exist).
As with cost computation, not all strategies for computing route
metrics will give good results. In particular, some metrics are more
likely than others to lead to routing instabilities (route flapping).
In Appendix A.3, we give a number of examples of strictly monotonic,
isotonic routing metrics that are known to work well in practice.
3.5.3. Encoding of Updates
In a large network, the bulk of Babel traffic consists of route
updates; hence, some care has been given to encoding them
efficiently. An Update TLV itself only contains the prefix, seqno,
and metric, while the next hop is derived either from the network-
layer source address of the packet or from an explicit Next Hop TLV
in the same packet. The router-id is derived from a separate
Router-Id TLV in the same packet, which optimises the case when
multiple updates are sent with the same router-id.
Additionally, a prefix of the advertised prefix can be omitted in an
Update TLV, in which case it is copied from a previous Update TLV in
the same packet -- this is known as address compression [PACKETBB].
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Finally, as a special optimisation for the case when a router-id
coincides with the interface-id part of an IPv6 address, the
router-id can optionally be derived from the low-order bits of the
advertised prefix.
The encoding of updates is described in detail in Section 4.4.
3.5.4. Route Acquisition
When a Babel node receives an update (id, prefix, seqno, metric) from
a neighbour neigh with a link cost value equal to cost, it checks
whether it already has a routing table entry indexed by (neigh, id,
prefix).
If no such entry exists:
o if the update is unfeasible, it is ignored;
o if the metric is infinite (the update is a retraction), the update
is ignored;
o otherwise, a new route table entry is created, indexed by (neigh,
id, prefix), with seqno equal to seqno and an advertised metric
equal to the metric carried by the update.
If such an entry exists:
o if the entry is currently installed and the update is unfeasible,
then the behaviour depends on whether the router-ids of the two
entries match. If the router-ids are different, the update is
treated as though it were a retraction (i.e., as though the metric
were FFFF hexadecimal). If the router-ids are equal, the update
is ignored;
o otherwise (i.e., if either the update is feasible or the entry is
not currently installed), then the entry's sequence number,
advertised metric, metric, and router-id are updated and, unless
the advertised metric is infinite, the route's expiry timer is
reset to a small multiple of the Interval value included in the
update.
When a route's expiry timer triggers, the behaviour depends on
whether the route's metric is finite. If the metric is finite, it is
set to infinity and the expiry timer is reset. If the metric is
already infinite, the route is flushed from the route table.
After the routing table is updated, the route selection procedure
(Section 3.6) is run.
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3.5.5. Hold Time
When a prefix p is retracted, because all routes are unfeasible, too
old, or have an infinite metric, and a shorter prefix p' that covers
p is reachable, p' cannot in general be used for routing packets
destined to p without running the risk of creating a routing loop
(Section 2.8).
To avoid this issue, whenever a prefix is retracted, a routing table
entry with infinite metric is maintained as described in
Section 3.5.4 above, and packets destined for that prefix MUST NOT be
forwarded by following a route for a shorter prefix. The infinite
metric entry is maintained until it is superseded by a feasible
update; if no such update arrives within the route hold time, the
entry is flushed.
3.6. Route Selection
Route selection is the process by which a single route for a given
prefix is selected to be used for forwarding packets and to be
re-advertised to a node's neighbours.
Babel is designed to allow flexible route selection policies. As far
as the protocol's correctness is concerned, the route selection
policy MUST only satisfy the following properties:
o a route with infinite metric (a retracted route) is never
selected;
o an unfeasible route is never selected.
Note, however, that Babel does not naturally guarantee the stability
of routing, and configuring conflicting route selection policies on
different routers may lead to persistent route oscillation.
Defining a good route selection policy for Babel is an open research
problem. Route selection can take into account multiple mutually
contradictory criteria; in roughly decreasing order of importance,
these are:
o routes with a small metric should be preferred over routes with a
large metric;
o switching router-ids should be avoided;
o routes through stable neighbours should be preferred over routes
through unstable ones;
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o stable routes should be preferred over unstable ones;
o switching next hops should be avoided.
A simple strategy is to choose the feasible route with the smallest
metric, with a small amount of hysteresis applied to avoid switching
router-ids.
After the route selection procedure is run, triggered updates
(Section 3.7.2) and requests (Section 3.8.2) are sent.
3.7. Sending Updates
A Babel speaker advertises to its neighbours its set of selected
routes. Normally, this is done by sending one or more multicast
packets containing Update TLVs on all of its connected interfaces;
however, on link technologies where multicast is significantly more
expensive than unicast, a node MAY choose to send multiple copies of
updates in unicast packets when the number of neighbours is small.
Additionally, in order to ensure that any black-holes are reliably
cleared in a timely manner, a Babel node sends retractions (updates
with an infinite metric) for any recently retracted prefixes.
If an update is for a route injected into the Babel domain by the
local node (e.g., the address of a local interface, the prefix of a
directly attached network, or redistributed from a different routing
protocol), the router-id is set to the local id, the metric is set to
some arbitrary finite value (typically 0), and the seqno is set to
the local router's sequence number.
If an update is for a route learned from another Babel speaker, the
router-id and sequence number are copied from the routing table
entry, and the metric is computed as specified in Section 3.5.2.
3.7.1. Periodic Updates
Every Babel speaker periodically advertises all of its selected
routes on all of its interfaces, including any recently retracted
routes. Since Babel doesn't suffer from routing loops (there is no
"counting to infinity") and relies heavily on triggered updates
(Section 3.7.2), this full dump only needs to happen infrequently.
3.7.2. Triggered Updates
In addition to the periodic routing updates, a Babel speaker sends
unscheduled, or triggered, updates in order to inform its neighbours
of a significant change in the network topology.
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A change of router-id for the selected route to a given prefix may be
indicative of a routing loop in formation; hence, a node MUST send a
triggered update in a timely manner whenever it changes the selected
router-id for a given destination. Additionally, it SHOULD make a
reasonable attempt at ensuring that all neighbours receive this
update.
There are two strategies for ensuring that. If the number of
neighbours is small, then it is reasonable to send the update
together with an acknowledgement request; the update is resent until
all neighbours have acknowledged the packet, up to some number of
times. If the number of neighbours is large, however, requesting
acknowledgements from all of them might cause a non-negligible amount
of network traffic; in that case, it may be preferable to simply
repeat the update some reasonable number of times (say, 5 for
wireless and 2 for wired links).
A route retraction is somewhat less worrying: if the route retraction
doesn't reach all neighbours, a black-hole might be created, which,
unlike a routing loop, does not endanger the integrity of the
network. When a route is retracted, a node SHOULD send a triggered
update and SHOULD make a reasonable attempt at ensuring that all
neighbours receive this retraction.
Finally, a node MAY send a triggered update when the metric for a
given prefix changes in a significant manner, either due to a
received update or because a link cost has changed. A node SHOULD
NOT send triggered updates for other reasons, such as when there is a
minor fluctuation in a route's metric, when the selected next hop
changes, or to propagate a new sequence number (except to satisfy a
request, as specified in Section 3.8).
3.7.3. Maintaining Feasibility Distances
Before sending an update (prefix, plen, router-id, seqno, metric)
with finite metric (i.e., not a route retraction), a Babel node
updates the feasibility distance maintained in the source table.
This is done as follows.
If no entry indexed by (prefix, plen, router-id) exists in the source
table, then one is created with value (prefix, plen, router-id,
seqno, metric).
If an entry (prefix, plen, router-id, seqno', metric') exists, then
it is updated as follows:
o if seqno > seqno', then seqno' := seqno, metric' := metric;
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o if seqno = seqno' and metric' > metric, then metric' := metric;
o otherwise, nothing needs to be done.
The garbage-collection timer for the modified entry is then reset.
Note that the garbage-collection timer is not reset when a retraction
is sent.
3.7.4. Split Horizon
When running over a transitive, symmetric link technology, e.g., a
point-to-point link or a wired LAN technology such as Ethernet, a
Babel node SHOULD use an optimisation known as split horizon. When
split horizon is used on a given interface, a routing update is not
sent on this particular interface when the advertised route was
learnt from a neighbour over the same interface.
Split horizon SHOULD NOT be applied to an interface unless the
interface is known to be symmetric and transitive; in particular,
split horizon is not applicable to decentralised wireless link
technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11 in ad hoc mode).
3.8. Explicit Route Requests
In normal operation, a node's routing table is populated by the
regular and triggered updates sent by its neighbours. Under some
circumstances, however, a node sends explicit requests to cause a
resynchronisation with the source after a mobility event or to
prevent a route from spuriously expiring.
The Babel protocol provides two kinds of explicit requests: route
requests, which simply request an update for a given prefix, and
seqno requests, which request an update for a given prefix with a
specific sequence number. The former are never forwarded; the latter
are forwarded if they cannot be satisfied by a neighbour.
3.8.1. Handling Requests
Upon receiving a request, a node either forwards the request or sends
an update in reply to the request, as described in the following
sections. If this causes an update to be sent, the update is either
sent to a multicast address on the interface on which the request was
received, or to the unicast address of the neighbour that sent the
update.
The exact behaviour is different for route requests and seqno
requests.
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3.8.1.1. Route Requests
When a node receives a route request for a prefix (prefix, plen), it
checks its route table for a selected route to this exact prefix. If
such a route exists, it MUST send an update; if such a route does
not, it MUST send a retraction for that prefix.
When a node receives a wildcard route request, it SHOULD send a full
routing table dump.
3.8.1.2. Seqno Requests
When a node receives a seqno request for a given router-id and
sequence number, it checks whether its routing table contains a
selected entry for that prefix; if no such entry exists, or the entry
has infinite metric, it ignores the request.
If a selected route for the given prefix exists, and either the
router-ids are different or the router-ids are equal and the entry's
sequence number is no smaller than the requested sequence number, it
MUST send an update for the given prefix.
If the router-ids match but the requested seqno is larger than the
route entry's, the node compares the router-id against its own
router-id. If the router-id is its own, then it increases its
sequence number by 1 and sends an update. A node MUST NOT increase
its sequence number by more than 1 in response to a route request.
If the requested router-id is not its own, the received request's hop
count is 2 or more, and the node has a route (not necessarily a
feasible one) for the requested prefix that does not use the
requestor as a next hop, the node SHOULD forward the request. It
does so by decreasing the hop count and sending the request in a
unicast packet destined to a neighbour that advertises the given
prefix (not necessarily the selected neighbour) and that is distinct
from the neighbour from which the request was received.
A node SHOULD maintain a list of recently forwarded requests and
forward the reply in a timely manner. A node SHOULD compare every
incoming request against its list of recently forwarded requests and
avoid forwarding it if it is redundant.
Since the request-forwarding mechanism does not necessarily obey the
feasibility condition, it may get caught in routing loops; hence,
requests carry a hop count to limit the time for which they remain in
the network. However, since requests are only ever forwarded as
unicast packets, the initial hop count need not be kept particularly
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low, and performing an expanding horizon search is not necessary. A
request MUST NOT be forwarded to a multicast address, and it MUST be
forwarded to a single neighbour only.
3.8.2. Sending Requests
A Babel node MAY send a route or seqno request at any time, to a
multicast or a unicast address; there is only one case when
originating requests is required (Section 3.8.2.1).
3.8.2.1. Avoiding Starvation
When a route is retracted or expires, a Babel node usually switches
to another feasible route for the same prefix. It may be the case,
however, that no such routes are available.
A node that has lost all feasible routes to a given destination MUST
send a seqno request. The router-id of the request is set to the
router-id of the route that it has just lost, and the requested seqno
is the value contained in the source table, plus 1.
Such a request SHOULD be multicast over all of the node's attached
interfaces. Similar requests will be sent by other nodes that are
affected by the route's loss and will be forwarded by neighbouring
nodes up to the source. If the network is connected, and there is no
packet loss, this will result in a route being advertised with a new
sequence number. (Note that, due to duplicate suppression, only a
small number of such requests will actually reach the source.)
In order to compensate for packet loss, a node SHOULD repeat such a
request a small number of times if no route becomes feasible within a
short time. Under heavy packet loss, however, all such requests may
be lost; in that case, the second mechanism in the next section will
eventually ensure that a new seqno is received.
3.8.2.2. Dealing with Unfeasible Updates
When a route's metric increases, a node might receive an unfeasible
update for a route that it has currently selected. As specified in
Section 3.5.1, the receiving node will either ignore the update or
retract the route.
In order to keep routes from spuriously expiring because they have
become unfeasible, a node SHOULD send a unicast seqno request
whenever it receives an unfeasible update for a route that is
currently selected. The requested sequence number is computed from
the source table as above.
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Additionally, a node SHOULD send a unicast seqno request whenever it
receives an unfeasible update from a currently unselected neighbour
that is "good enough", i.e., that would lead to the received route
becoming selected were it feasible.
3.8.2.3. Preventing Routes from Expiring
In normal operation, a route's expiry timer should never trigger:
since a route's hold time is computed from an explicit interval
included in Update TLVs, a new update should arrive in time to
prevent a route from expiring.
In the presence of packet loss, however, it may be the case that no
update is successfully received for an extended period of time,
causing a route to expire. In order to avoid such spurious expiry,
shortly before a selected route expires, a Babel node SHOULD send a
unicast route request to the neighbour that advertised this route;
since nodes always send retractions in response to non-wildcard route
requests (Section 3.8.1.1), this will usually result in either the
route being refreshed or a retraction being received.
3.8.2.4. Acquiring New Neighbours
In order to speed up convergence after a mobility event, a node MAY
send a unicast wildcard request after acquiring a new neighbour.
Additionally, a node MAY send a small number of multicast wildcard
requests shortly after booting.
4. Protocol Encoding
A Babel packet is sent as the body of a UDP datagram, with network-
layer hop count set to 1, destined to a well-known multicast address
or to a unicast address, over IPv4 or IPv6; in the case of IPv6,
these addresses are link-local. Both the source and destination UDP
port are set to a well-known port number. A Babel packet MUST be
silently ignored unless its source address is either a link-local
IPv6 address, or an IPv4 address belonging to the local network, and
its source port is the well-known Babel port. Babel packets MUST NOT
be sent as IPv6 Jumbograms.
In order to minimise the number of packets being sent while avoiding
lower-layer fragmentation, a Babel node SHOULD attempt to maximise
the size of the packets it sends, up to the outgoing interface's MTU
adjusted for lower-layer headers (28 octets for UDP/IPv4, 48 octets
for UDP/IPv6). It MUST NOT send packets larger than the attached
interface's MTU (adjusted for lower-layer headers) or 512 octets,
whichever is larger, but not exceeding 2^16 - 1 adjusted for lower-
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layer headers. Every Babel speaker MUST be able to receive packets
that are as large as any attached interface's MTU (adjusted for
lower-layer headers) or 512 octets, whichever is larger.
In order to avoid global synchronisation of a Babel network and to
aggregate multiple TLVs into large packets, a Babel node MUST buffer
every TLV and delay sending a UDP packet by a small, randomly chosen
delay [JITTER]. In order to allow accurate computation of packet
loss rates, this delay MUST NOT be larger than half the advertised
Hello interval.
4.1. Data Types
4.1.1. Interval
Relative times are carried as 16-bit values specifying a number of
centiseconds (hundredths of a second). This allows times up to
roughly 11 minutes with a granularity of 10 ms, which should cover
all reasonable applications of Babel.
4.1.2. Router-Id
A router-id is an arbitrary 8-octet value. Router-ids SHOULD be
assigned in modified EUI-64 format [ADDRARCH].
4.1.3. Address
Since the bulk of the protocol is taken by addresses, multiple ways
of encoding addresses are defined. Additionally, a common subnet
prefix may be omitted when multiple addresses are sent in a single
packet -- this is known as address compression [PACKETBB].
Address encodings:
o AE 0: wildcard address. The value is 0 octets long.
o AE 1: IPv4 address. Compression is allowed. 4 octets or less.
o AE 2: IPv6 address. Compression is allowed. 16 octets or less.
o AE 3: link-local IPv6 address. The value is 8 octets long, a
prefix of fe80::/64 is implied.
The address family of an address is either IPv4 or IPv6; it is
undefined for AE 0, IPv4 for AE 1, and IPv6 for AE 2 and 3.
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4.1.4. Prefixes
A network prefix is encoded just like a network address, but it is
stored in the smallest number of octets that are enough to hold the
significant bits (up to the prefix length).
4.2. Packet Format
A Babel packet consists of a 4-octet header, followed by a sequence
of TLVs.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Magic | Version | Body length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Packet Body ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Fields :
Magic The arbitrary but carefully chosen value 42 (decimal);
packets with a first octet different from 42 MUST be
silently ignored.
Version This document specifies version 2 of the Babel protocol.
Packets with a second octet different from 2 MUST be
silently ignored.
Body length The length in octets of the body following the packet
header.
Body The packet body; a sequence of TLVs.
Any data following the body MUST be silently ignored.
4.3. TLV Format
With the exception of Pad1, all TLVs have the following structure:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Body...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
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Fields :
Type The type of the TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields. If the body is longer than the expected length of
a given type of TLV, any extra data MUST be silently
ignored.
Body The TLV body, the interpretation of which depends on the
type.
TLVs with an unknown type value MUST be silently ignored.
4.4. Details of Specific TLVs
4.4.1. Pad1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields :
Type Set to 0 to indicate a Pad1 TLV.
This TLV is silently ignored on reception.
4.4.2. PadN
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 1 | Length | MBZ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Fields :
Type Set to 1 to indicate a PadN TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
MBZ Set to 0 on transmission.
This TLV is silently ignored on reception.
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4.4.3. Acknowledgement Request
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 2 | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Nonce | Interval |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This TLV requests that the receiver send an Acknowledgement TLV
within the number of centiseconds specified by the Interval field.
Fields :
Type Set to 2 to indicate an Acknowledgement Request TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
Reserved Sent as 0 and MUST be ignored on reception.
Nonce An arbitrary value that will be echoed in the receiver's
Acknowledgement TLV.
Interval A time interval in centiseconds after which the sender will
assume that this packet has been lost. This MUST NOT be 0.
The receiver MUST send an acknowledgement before this time
has elapsed (with a margin allowing for propagation time).
4.4.4. Acknowledgement
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 3 | Length | Nonce |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This TLV is sent by a node upon receiving an Acknowledgement Request.
Fields :
Type Set to 3 to indicate an Acknowledgement TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
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Nonce Set to the Nonce value of the Acknowledgement Request that
prompted this Acknowledgement.
Since nonce values are not globally unique, this TLV MUST be sent to
a unicast address.
4.4.5. Hello
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 4 | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seqno | Interval |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
This TLV is used for neighbour discovery and for determining a link's
reception cost.
Fields :
Type Set to 4 to indicate a Hello TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
Reserved Sent as 0 and MUST be ignored on reception.
Seqno The value of the sending node's Hello seqno for this
interface.
Interval An upper bound, expressed in centiseconds, on the time
after which the sending node will send a new Hello TLV.
This MUST NOT be 0.
Since there is a single seqno counter for all the Hellos sent by a
given node over a given interface, this TLV MUST be sent to a
multicast destination. In order to avoid large discontinuities in
link quality, multiple Hello TLVs SHOULD NOT be sent in the same
packet.
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4.4.6. IHU
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 5 | Length | AE | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rxcost | Interval |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
An IHU ("I Heard You") TLV is used for confirming bidirectional
reachability and carrying a link's transmission cost.
Fields :
Type Set to 5 to indicate an IHU TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
AE The encoding of the Address field. This should be 1 or 3
in most cases. As an optimisation, it MAY be 0 if the TLV
is sent to a unicast address, if the association is over a
point-to-point link, or when bidirectional reachability is
ascertained by means outside of the Babel protocol.
Reserved Sent as 0 and MUST be ignored on reception.
Rxcost The rxcost according to the sending node of the interface
whose address is specified in the Address field. The value
FFFF hexadecimal (infinity) indicates that this interface
is unreachable.
Interval An upper bound, expressed in centiseconds, on the time
after which the sending node will send a new IHU; this MUST
NOT be 0. The receiving node will use this value in order
to compute a hold time for this symmetric association.
Address The address of the destination node, in the format
specified by the AE field. Address compression is not
allowed.
Conceptually, an IHU is destined to a single neighbour. However, IHU
TLVs contain an explicit destination address, and it SHOULD be sent
to a multicast address, as this allows aggregation of IHUs destined
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to distinct neighbours into a single packet and avoids the need for
an ARP or Neighbour Discovery exchange when a neighbour is not being
used for data traffic.
IHU TLVs with an unknown value for the AE field MUST be silently
ignored.
4.4.7. Router-Id
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 6 | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Router-Id +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
A Router-Id TLV establishes a router-id that is implied by subsequent
Update TLVs.
Fields :
Type Set to 6 to indicate a Router-Id TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
Reserved Sent as 0 and MUST be ignored on reception.
Router-Id The router-id for routes advertised in subsequent Update
TLVs
4.4.8. Next Hop
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 7 | Length | AE | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Next hop...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
A Next Hop TLV establishes a next-hop address for a given address
family (IPv4 or IPv6) that is implied by subsequent Update TLVs.
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Fields :
Type Set to 7 to indicate a Next Hop TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
AE The encoding of the Address field. This SHOULD be 1 or 3
and MUST NOT be 0.
Reserved Sent as 0 and MUST be ignored on reception.
Next hop The next-hop address advertised by subsequent Update TLVs,
for this address family.
When the address family matches the network-layer protocol that this
packet is transported over, a Next Hop TLV is not needed: in that
case, the next hop is taken to be the source address of the packet.
Next Hop TLVs with an unknown value for the AE field MUST be silently
ignored.
4.4.9. Update
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 8 | Length | AE | Flags |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Plen | Omitted | Interval |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seqno | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
An Update TLV advertises or retracts a route. As an optimisation,
this can also have the side effect of establishing a new implied
router-id and a new default prefix.
Fields :
Type Set to 8 to indicate an Update TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
AE The encoding of the Prefix field.
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Flags The individual bits of this field specify special handling
of this TLV (see below). Every node MUST be able to
interpret the flags with values 80 and 40 hexadecimal;
unknown flags MUST be silently ignored.
Plen The length of the advertised prefix.
Omitted The number of octets that have been omitted at the
beginning of the advertised prefix and that should be taken
from a preceding Update TLV with the flag with value 80
hexadecimal set.
Interval An upper bound, expressed in centiseconds, on the time
after which the sending node will send a new update for
this prefix. This MUST NOT be 0 and SHOULD NOT be less
than 10. The receiving node will use this value to compute
a hold time for this routing table entry. The value FFFF
hexadecimal (infinity) expresses that this announcement
will not be repeated unless a request is received
(Section 3.8.2.3).
Seqno The originator's sequence number for this update.
Metric The sender's metric for this route. The value FFFF
hexadecimal (infinity) means that this is a route
retraction.
Prefix The prefix being advertised. This field's size is (Plen/8
- Omitted) rounded upwards.
The Flags field is interpreted as follows:
o if the bit with value 80 hexadecimal is set, then this Update
establishes a new default prefix for subsequent Update TLVs with a
matching address family within the same packet;
o if the bit with value 40 hexadecimal is set, then the low-order 8
octets of the advertised prefix establish a new default router-id
for this TLV and subsequent Update TLVs in the same packet.
The prefix being advertised by an Update TLV is computed as follows:
o the first Omitted octets of the prefix are taken from the previous
Update TLV with flag 80 hexadecimal set and the same address
family;
o the next (Plen/8 - Omitted) (rounded upwards) octets are taken
from the Prefix field;
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o the remaining octets are set to 0.
If the Metric field is finite, the router-id of the originating node
for this announcement is taken from the low-order 8 octets of the
prefix advertised by this Update if the bit with value 40 hexadecimal
is set in the Flags field. Otherwise, it is taken either from the
preceding Router-Id packet, or the preceding Update packet with flag
40 hexadecimal set, whichever comes last.
The next-hop address for this update is taken from the last preceding
Next Hop TLV with a matching address family in the same packet; if no
such TLV exists, it is taken from the network-layer source address of
this packet.
If the metric field is FFFF hexadecimal, this TLV specifies a
retraction. In that case, the current router-id and the Seqno are
not used. AE MAY then be 0, in which case this Update retracts all
of the routes previously advertised on this interface.
Update TLVs with an unknown value for the AE field MUST be silently
ignored.
4.4.10. Route Request
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 9 | Length | AE | Plen |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
A Route Request TLV prompts the receiver to send an update for a
given prefix, or a full routing table dump.
Fields :
Type Set to 9 to indicate a Route Request TLV.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
AE The encoding of the Prefix field. The value 0 specifies
that this is a request for a full routing table dump (a
wildcard request).
Plen The length of the requested prefix.
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Prefix The prefix being requested. This field's size is Plen/8
rounded upwards.
A Request TLV prompts the receiving node to send an update message
for the prefix specified by the AE, Plen, and Prefix fields, or a
full dump of its routing table if AE is 0 (in which case Plen MUST be
0, and Prefix is of length 0). A Request may be sent to a unicast
address if it is destined to a single node, or to a multicast address
if the request is destined to all of the neighbours of the sending
interface.
4.4.11. Seqno Request
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 10 | Length | AE | Plen |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Seqno | Hop Count | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Router-Id +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
A Seqno Request TLV prompts the receiver to send an Update for a
given prefix with a given sequence number, or to forward the request
further if it cannot be satisfied locally.
Fields :
Type Set to 10 to indicate a Seqno Request message.
Length The length of the body, exclusive of the Type and Length
fields.
AE The encoding of the Prefix field. This MUST NOT be 0.
Plen The length of the requested prefix.
Seqno The sequence number that is being requested.
Hop Count The maximum number of times that this TLV may be forwarded,
plus 1. This MUST NOT be 0.
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Prefix The prefix being requested. This field's size is Plen/8
rounded upwards.
A Seqno Request TLV prompts the receiving node to send an Update for
the prefix specified by the AE, Plen, and Prefix fields, with either
a router-id different from what is specified by the Router-Id field,
or a Seqno no less than what is specified by the Seqno field. If
this request cannot be satisfied locally, then it is forwarded
according to the rules set out in Section 3.8.1.2.
While a Seqno Request MAY be sent to a multicast address, it MUST NOT
be forwarded to a multicast address and MUST NOT be forwarded to more
than one neighbour. A request MUST NOT be forwarded if its Hop Count
field is 1.
5. IANA Considerations
IANA has registered the UDP port number 6697, called "babel", for use
by the Babel protocol.
IANA has registered the IPv6 multicast group ff02:0:0:0:0:0:1:6 and
the IPv4 multicast group 224.0.0.111 for use by the Babel protocol.
6. Security Considerations
As defined in this document, Babel is a completely insecure protocol.
Any attacker can attract data traffic by advertising routes with a
low metric. This particular issue can be solved either by lower-
layer security mechanisms (e.g., IPsec or link-layer security), or by
appending a cryptographic key to Babel packets; the provision of
ignoring any data contained within a Babel packet beyond the body
length declared by the header is designed for just such a purpose.
The information that a Babel node announces to the whole routing
domain is often sufficient to determine a mobile node's physical
location with reasonable precision. The privacy issues that this
causes can be mitigated somewhat by using randomly chosen router-ids
and randomly chosen IP addresses, and changing them periodically.
When carried over IPv6, Babel packets are ignored unless they are
sent from a link-local IPv6 address; since routers don't forward
link-local IPv6 packets, this provides protection against spoofed
Babel packets being sent from the global Internet. No such natural
protection exists when Babel packets are carried over IPv4.
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7. References
7.1. Normative References
[ADDRARCH] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
7.2. Informative References
[DSDV] Perkins, C. and P. Bhagwat, "Highly Dynamic Destination-
Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile
Computers", ACM SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communications
Architectures, Protocols and Applications 234-244, 1994.
[DUAL] Garcia Luna Aceves, J., "Loop-Free Routing Using
Diffusing Computations", IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking 1:1, February 1993.
[EIGRP] Albrightson, B., Garcia Luna Aceves, J., and J. Boyle,
"EIGRP -- a Fast Routing Protocol Based on Distance
Vectors", Proc. Interop 94, 1994.
[ETX] De Couto, D., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., and R. Morris, "A
high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless
networks", Proc. MobiCom 2003, 2003.
[IS-IS] "Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Intermediate
System to Intermediate System intra-domain routeing
information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with
the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode
network service (ISO 8473)", ISO/IEC 10589:2002.
[JITTER] Floyd, S. and V. Jacobson, "The synchronization of
periodic routing messages", IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking 2, 2, 122-136, April 1994.
[OSPF] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[PACKETBB] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
"Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message
Format", RFC 5444, February 2009.
[RIP] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2", STD 56, RFC 2453,
November 1998.
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Appendix A. Cost and Metric Computation
The strategy for computing link costs and route metrics is a local
matter; Babel itself only requires that it comply with the conditions
given in Sections 3.4.3 and 3.5.2. Different nodes MAY use different
strategies in a single network and MAY use different strategies on
different interface types. This section gives a few examples of such
strategies.
The sample implementation of Babel maintains statistics about the
last 16 received Hello TLVs (Appendix A.1), computes costs by using
the 2-out-of-3 strategy (Appendix A.2.1) on wired links, and ETX
[ETX] on wireless links. It uses an additive algebra for metric
computation (Appendix A.3.1).
A.1. Maintaining Hello History
For each neighbour, the sample implementation of Babel maintains a
Hello history and an expected sequence number. The Hello history is
a vector of 16 bits, where a 1 value represents a received Hello, and
a 0 value a missed Hello. The expected sequence number, written ne,
is the sequence number that is expected to be carried by the next
received hello from this neighbour.
Whenever it receives a Hello packet from a neighbour, a node compares
the received sequence number nr with its expected sequence number ne.
Depending on the outcome of this comparison, one of the following
actions is taken:
o if the two differ by more than 16 (modulo 2^16), then the sending
node has probably rebooted and lost its sequence number; the
associated neighbour table entry is flushed;
o otherwise, if the received nr is smaller (modulo 2^16) than the
expected sequence number ne, then the sending node has increased
its Hello interval without our noticing; the receiving node
removes the last (ne - nr) entries from this neighbour's Hello
history (we "undo history");
o otherwise, if nr is larger (modulo 2^16) than ne, then the sending
node has decreased its Hello interval, and some Hellos were lost;
the receiving node adds (nr - ne) 0 bits to the Hello history (we
"fast-forward").
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The receiving node then appends a 1 bit to the neighbour's Hello
history, resets the neighbour's Hello timer, and sets ne to (nr + 1).
It then resets the neighbour's Hello timer to 1.5 times the value
advertised in the received Hello (the extra margin allows for the
delay due to jitter).
Whenever the Hello timer associated to a neighbour expires, the local
node adds a 0 bit to this neighbour's Hello history, and increments
the expected Hello number. If the Hello history is empty (it
contains 0 bits only), the neighbour entry is flushed; otherwise, it
resets the neighbour's Hello timer to the value advertised in the
last Hello received from this neighbour (no extra margin is necessary
in this case).
A.2. Cost Computation
A.2.1. k-out-of-j
K-out-of-j link sensing is suitable for wired links that are either
up, in which case they only occasionally drop a packet, or down, in
which case they drop all packets.
The k-out-of-j strategy is parameterised by two small integers k and
j, such that 0 < k <= j, and the nominal link cost, a constant K >=
1. A node keeps a history of the last j hellos; if k or more of
those have been correctly received, the link is assumed to be up, and
the rxcost is set to K; otherwise, the link is assumed to be down,
and the rxcost is set to infinity.
The cost of such a link is defined as
o cost = FFFF hexadecimal if rxcost = FFFF hexadecimal;
o cost = txcost otherwise.
A.2.2. ETX
The Estimated Transmission Cost metric [ETX] estimates the number of
times that a unicast frame will be retransmitted by the IEEE 802.11
MAC, assuming infinite persistence.
A node uses a neighbour's Hello history to compute an estimate,
written beta, of the probability that a Hello TLV is successfully
received. The rxcost is defined as 256/beta.
Let alpha be MIN(1, 256/txcost), an estimate of the probability of
successfully sending a Hello TLV. The cost is then computed by
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cost = 256/(alpha * beta)
or, equivalently,
cost = (MAX(txcost, 256) * rxcost) / 256.
A.3. Metric Computation
A.3.1. Additive Metrics
The simplest approach for obtaining a monotonic, isotonic metric is
to define the metric of a route as the sum of the costs of the
component links. More formally, if a neighbour advertises a route
with metric m over a link with cost c, then the resulting route has
metric M(c, m) = c + m.
A multiplicative metric can be converted to an additive one by taking
the logarithm (in some suitable base) of the link costs.
A.3.2. External Sources of Willingness
A node may want to vary its willingness to forward packets by taking
into account information that is external to the Babel protocol, such
as the monetary cost of a link, the node's battery status, CPU load,
etc. This can be done by adding to every route's metric a value k
that depends on the external data. For example, if a battery-powered
node receives an update with metric m over a link with cost c, it
might compute a metric M(c, m) = k + c + m, where k depends on the
battery status.
In order to preserve strict monotonicity (Section 3.5.2), the value k
must be greater than -c.
Appendix B. Constants
The choice of time constants is a trade-off between fast detection of
mobility events and protocol overhead. Two implementations of Babel
with different time constants will interoperate, although the
resulting convergence time will most likely be dictated by the
slowest of the two implementations.
Experience with the sample implementation of Babel indicates that the
Hello interval is the most important time constant: a mobility event
is detected within 1.5 to 3 Hello intervals. Due to Babel's reliance
on triggered updates and explicit requests, the Update interval only
has an effect on the time it takes for accurate metrics to be
propagated after variations in link costs too small to trigger an
unscheduled update.
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At the time of writing, the sample implementation of Babel uses the
following default values:
Hello Interval: 4 seconds on wireless links, 20 seconds on wired
links.
IHU Interval: the advertised IHU interval is always 3 times the
Hello interval. IHUs are actually sent with each Hello on lossy
links (as determined from the Hello history), but only with every
third Hello on lossless links.
Update Interval: 4 times the Hello interval.
IHU Hold Time: 3.5 times the advertised IHU interval.
Route Expiry Time: 3.5 times the advertised update interval.
Source GC time: 3 minutes.
The amount of jitter applied to a packet depends on whether it
contains any urgent TLVs or not. Urgent triggered updates and urgent
requests are delayed by no more than 200 ms; other TLVs are delayed
by no more than one-half the Hello interval.
Appendix C. Simplified Implementations
Babel is a fairly economic protocol. Route updates take between 12
and 40 octets per destination, depending on how successful
compression is; in a double-stack mesh network, an average of less
than 24 octets is typical. The route table occupies about 35 octets
per IPv6 entry. To put these values into perspective, a single full-
size Ethernet frame can carry some 65 route updates, and a megabyte
of memory can contain a 20000-entry routing table and the associated
source table.
Babel is also a reasonably simple protocol. The sample
implementation consists of less than 8000 lines of C code, and it
compiles to less than 60 kB of text on a 32-bit CISC architecture.
Nonetheless, in some very constrained environments, such as PDAs,
microwave ovens, or abacuses, it may be desirable to have subset
implementations of the protocol.
A parasitic implementation is one that uses a Babel network for
routing its packets but does not announce any of the routes that it
has learnt from its neighbours. (This is slightly more than a
passive implementation, which doesn't even announce routes to
itself.) It may either maintain a full routing table or simply
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RFC 6126 The Babel Routing Protocol April 2011
select a gateway amongst any one of its neighbours that announces a
default route. Since a parasitic implementation never forwards
packets, it cannot possibly participate in a routing loop; hence, it
need not evaluate the feasibility condition and need not maintain a
source table.
A parasitic implementation MUST answer acknowledgement requests and
MUST participate in the Hello/IHU protocol. Finally, it MUST be able
to reply to seqno requests for routes that it announces and SHOULD be
able to reply to route requests.
Appendix D. Software Availability
The sample implementation of Babel is available from
<http://www.pps.jussieu.fr/~jch/software/babel/>.
Author's Address
Juliusz Chroboczek
PPS, University of Paris 7
Case 7014
75205 Paris Cedex 13,
France
EMail: jch@pps.jussieu.fr
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