Network Working Group G. Dudley
Request for Comments: 2353 IBM
Category: Informational May 1998
APPN/HPR in IP Networks
APPN Implementers' Workshop Closed Pages Document
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.0 IP as a Data Link Control (DLC) for HPR . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Use of UDP and IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Node Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) Used for IP . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1 LDLC Liveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1.1 Option to Reduce Liveness Traffic . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 IP Port Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1 Maximum BTU Sizes for HPR/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 IP Transmission Groups (TGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.1 Regular TGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.1.1 Limited Resources and Auto-Activation . . . . . . 19
2.5.2 IP Connection Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.2.1 Establishing IP Connection Networks . . . . . . . 20
2.5.2.2 IP Connection Network Parameters . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5.2.3 Sharing of TGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.2.4 Minimizing RSCV Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.3 XID Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5.4 Unsuccessful IP Link Activation . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6 IP Throughput Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6.1 IP Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6.2 APPN Transmission Priority and COS . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.3 Default TG Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.4 SNA-Defined COS Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6.5 Route Setup over HPR/IP links . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.6.6 Access Link Queueing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7 Port Link Activation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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2.8 Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.9 IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.0 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.0 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.0 Appendix - Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.1 HPR Use of IP Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.1.1 IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses . . . . . . . 45
6.1.2 IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.0 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.0 Introduction
The APPN Implementers' Workshop (AIW) is an industry-wide consortium
of networking vendors that develops Advanced Peer-to-Peer
Networking(R) (APPN(R)) standards and other standards related to
Systems Network Architecture (SNA), and facilitates high quality,
fully interoperable APPN and SNA internetworking products. The AIW
approved Closed Pages (CP) status for the architecture in this
document on December 2, 1997, and, as a result, the architecture was
added to the AIW architecture of record. A CP-level document is
sufficiently detailed that implementing products will be able to
interoperate; it contains a clear and complete specification of all
necessary changes to the architecture of record. However, the AIW
has procedures by which the architecture may be modified, and the AIW
is open to suggestions from the internet community.
The architecture for APPN nodes is specified in "Systems Network
Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking Architecture Reference"
[1]. A set of APPN enhancements for High Performance Routing (HPR)
is specified in "Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
Networking High Performance Routing Architecture Reference, Version
3.0" [2]. The formats associated with these architectures are
specified in "Systems Network Architecture Formats" [3]. This memo
assumes the reader is familiar with these specifications.
This memo defines a method with which HPR nodes can use IP networks
for communication, and the enhancements to APPN required by this
method. This memo also describes an option set that allows the use
of the APPN connection network model to allow HPR nodes to use IP
networks for communication without having to predefine link
connections.
(R) 'Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking' and 'APPN' are trademarks of
the IBM Corporation.
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1.1 Requirements
The following are the requirements for the architecture specified in
this memo:
1. Facilitate APPN product interoperation in IP networks by
documenting agreements such as the choice of the logical link
control (LLC).
2. Reduce system definition (e.g., by extending the connection
network model to IP networks) -- Connection network support is an
optional function.
3. Use class of service (COS) to retain existing path selection and
transmission priority services in IP networks; extend
transmission priority function to include IP networks.
4. Allow customers the flexibility to design their networks for low
cost and high performance.
5. Use HPR functions to improve both availability and scalability
over existing integration techniques such as Data Link Switching
(DLSw) which is specified in RFC 1795 [4] and RFC 2166 [5].
2.0 IP as a Data Link Control (DLC) for HPR
This memo specifies the use of IP and UDP as a new DLC that can be
supported by APPN nodes with the three HPR option sets: HPR (option
set 1400), Rapid Transport Protocol (RTP) (option set 1401), and
Control Flows over RTP (option set 1402). Logical Data Link Control
(LDLC) Support (option set 2006) is also a prerequisite.
RTP is a connection-oriented, full-duplex protocol designed to
transport data in high-speed networks. HPR uses RTP connections to
transport SNA session traffic. RTP provides reliability (i.e., error
recovery via selective retransmission), in-order delivery (i.e., a
first-in-first-out [FIFO] service provided by resequencing data that
arrives out of order), and adaptive rate-based (ARB) flow/congestion
control. Because RTP provides these functions on an end-to-end basis,
it eliminates the need for these functions on the link level along
the path of the connection. The result is improved overall
performance for HPR. For a more complete description of RTP, see
Appendix F of [2].
This new DLC (referred to as the native IP DLC) allows customers to
take advantage of APPN/HPR functions such as class of service (COS)
and ARB flow/congestion control in the IP environment. HPR links
established over the native IP DLC are referred to as HPR/IP links.
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The following sections describe in detail the considerations and
enhancements associated with the native IP DLC.
2.1 Use of UDP and IP
The native IP DLC will use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) defined
in RFC 768 [6] and the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 defined in
RFC 791 [7].
Typically, access to UDP is provided by a sockets API. UDP provides
an unreliable connectionless delivery service using IP to transport
messages between nodes. UDP has the ability to distinguish among
multiple destinations within a given node, and allows port-number-
based prioritization in the IP network. UDP provides detection of
corrupted packets, a function required by HPR. Higher-layer
protocols such as HPR are responsible for handling problems of
message loss, duplication, delay, out-of-order delivery, and loss of
connectivity. UDP is adequate because HPR uses RTP to provide end-
to-end error recovery and in-order delivery; in addition, LDLC
detects loss of connectivity. The Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) was not chosen for the native IP DLC because the additional
services provided by TCP such as error recovery are not needed.
Furthermore, the termination of TCP connections would require
additional node resources (control blocks, buffers, timers, and
retransmit queues) and would, thereby, reduce the scalability of the
design.
The UDP header has four two-byte fields. The UDP Destination Port is
a 16-bit field that contains the UDP protocol port number used to
demultiplex datagrams at the destination. The UDP Source Port is a
16-bit field that contains the UDP protocol port number that
specifies the port to which replies should be sent when other
information is not available. A zero setting indicates that no
source port number information is being provided. When used with the
native IP DLC, this field is not used to convey a port number for
replies; moreover, the zero setting is not used. IANA has registered
port numbers 12000 through 12004 for use in these two fields by the
native IP DLC; use of these port numbers allows prioritization in the
IP network. For more details of the use of these fields, see 2.6.1,
"IP Prioritization" on page 28.
The UDP Checksum is a 16-bit optional field that provides coverage of
the UDP header and the user data; it also provides coverage of a
pseudo-header that contains the source and destination IP addresses.
The UDP checksum is used to guarantee that the data has arrived
intact at the intended receiver. When the UDP checksum is set to
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zero, it indicates that the checksum was not calculated and should
not be checked by the receiver. Use of the checksum is recommended
for use with the native IP DLC.
IP provides an unreliable, connectionless delivery mechanism. The IP
protocol defines the basic unit of data transfer through the IP
network, and performs the routing function (i.e., choosing the path
over which data will be sent). In addition, IP characterizes how
"hosts" and "gateways" should process packets, the circumstances
under which error messages are generated, and the conditions under
which packets are discarded. An IP version 4 header contains an 8-
bit Type of Service field that specifies how the datagram should be
handled. As defined in RFC 1349 [8], the type-of-service byte
contains two defined fields. The 3-bit precedence field allows
senders to indicate the priority of each datagram. The 4-bit type of
service field indicates how the network should make tradeoffs between
throughput, delay, reliability, and cost. The 8-bit Protocol field
specifies which higher-level protocol created the datagram. When
used with the native IP DLC, this field is set to 17 which indicates
the higher-layer protocol is UDP.
2.2 Node Structure
Figure 1 on page 6 shows a possible node functional decomposition for
transport of HPR traffic across an IP network. There will be
variations in different platforms based on platform characteristics.
The native IP DLC includes a DLC manager, one LDLC component for each
link, and a link demultiplexor. Because UDP is a connectionless
delivery service, there is no need for HPR to activate and deactivate
lower-level connections.
The DLC manager activates and deactivates a link demultiplexor for
each port and an instance of LDLC for each link established in an IP
network. Multiple links (e.g., one defined link and one dynamic link
for connection network traffic) may be established between a pair of
IP addresses. Each link is identified by the source and destination
IP addresses in the IP header and the source and destination service
access point (SAP) addresses in the IEEE 802.2 LLC header (see 6.0,
"Appendix - Packet Format" on page 37); the link demultiplexor passes
incoming packets to the correct instance of LDLC based on these
identifiers. Moreover, the IP address pair associated with an active
link and used in the IP header may not change.
LDLC also provides other functions (for example, reliable delivery of
Exchange Identification [XID] commands). Error recovery for HPR RTP
packets is provided by the protocols between the RTP endpoints.
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The network control layer (NCL) uses the automatic network routing
(ANR) information in the HPR network header to either pass incoming
packets to RTP or an outgoing link.
All components are shown as single entities, but the number of
logical instances of each is as follows:
o DLC manager -- 1 per node
o LDLC -- 1 per link
o Link demultiplexor -- 1 per port
o NCL -- 1 per node (or 1 per port for efficiency)
o RTP -- 1 per RTP connection
o UDP -- 1 per port
o IP -- 1 per port
Products are free to implement other structures. Products
implementing other structures will need to make the appropriate
modifications to the algorithms and protocol boundaries shown in this
document.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------
-*
*-------------* *-------* |
|Configuration| | Path | |
| Services | |Control| |
*-------------* *-------* |
A A A |
| | | |
| | V |
| | *-----* | APPN/HPR
| | | RTP | |
| | *-----* |
| | A |
| | | |
| | V |
| | *-----* |
| | | NCL | |
| | *-----* |
| *------------* A -*
| | |
V V V -*
*---------* *---------* |
| DLC |--->| LDLC | |
| manager | | | |
*---------* *---------* |
| A | | IP DLC
*-----------* | *----* |
V | | |
*---------* | |
| LINK | | |
| DEMUX | | |
*---------* | |
A *-* -*
| |
| V
*---------*
| UDP |
*---------*
A
|
V
*---------*
| IP |
*---------*
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1. HPR/IP Node Structure
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2.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) Used for IP
Logical Data Link Control (LDLC) is used by the native IP DLC. LDLC
is defined in [2]. LDLC uses a subset of the services defined by
IEEE 802.2 LLC type 2 (LLC2). LDLC uses only the TEST, XID, DISC,
DM, and UI frames.
LDLC was defined to be used in conjunction with HPR (with the HPR
Control Flows over RTP option set 1402) over reliable links that do
not require link-level error recovery. Most frame loss in IP
networks (and the underlying frame networks) is due to congestion,
not problems with the facilities. When LDLC is used on a link, no
link-level error recovery is available; as a result, only RTP traffic
is supported by the native IP DLC. Using LDLC eliminates the need
for LLC2 and its associated cost (adapter storage, longer path
length, etc.).
2.3.1 LDLC Liveness
LDLC liveness (using the LDLC TEST command and response) is required
when the underlying subnetwork does not provide notification of
connection outage. Because UDP is connectionless, it does not
provide outage notification; as a result, LDLC liveness is required
for HPR/IP links.
Liveness should be sent periodically on active links except as
described in the following subsection when the option to reduce
liveness traffic is implemented. The default liveness timer period
is 10 seconds. When the defaults for the liveness timer and retry
timer (15 seconds) are used, the period between liveness tests is
smaller than the time required to detect failure (retry count
multiplied by retry timer period) and may be smaller than the time
for liveness to complete successfully (on the order of round-trip
delay). When liveness is implemented as specified in the LDLC
finite-state machine (see [2]) this is not a problem because the
liveness protocol works as follows: The liveness timer is for a
single link. The timer is started when the link is first activated
and each time a liveness test completes successfully. When the timer
expires, a liveness test is performed. When the link is operational,
the period between liveness tests is on the order of the liveness
timer period plus the round-trip delay.
For each implementation, it is necessary to check if the liveness
protocol will work in a satisfactory manner with the default settings
for the liveness and retry timers. If, for example, the liveness
timer is restarted immediately upon expiration, then a different
default for the liveness timer should be used.
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2.3.1.1 Option to Reduce Liveness Traffic
In some environments, it is advantageous to reduce the amount of
liveness traffic when the link is otherwise idle. (For example, this
could allow underlying facilities to be temporarily deactivated when
not needed.) As an option, implementations may choose not to send
liveness when the link is idle (i.e., when data was neither sent nor
received over the link while the liveness timer was running). (If
the implementation is not aware of whether data has been received,
liveness testing may be stopped while data is not being sent.)
However, the RTP connections also have a liveness mechanism which
will generate traffic. Some implementations of RTP will allow
setting a large value for the ALIVE timer, thus reducing the amount
of RTP liveness traffic.
If LDLC liveness is turned off while the link is idle, one side of
the link may detect a link failure much earlier than the other. This
can cause the following problems:
o If a node that is aware of a link failure attempts to reactivate
the link, the partner node (unaware of the link failure) may
reject the activation as an unsupported parallel link between the
two ports.
o If a node that is unaware of an earlier link failure sends data
(including new session activations) on the link, it may be
discarded by a node that detected the earlier failure and
deactivated the link. As a result, session activations would
fail.
The mechanisms described below can be used to remedy these problems.
These mechanisms are needed only in a node not sending liveness when
the link is idle; thus, they would not be required of a node not
implementing this option that just happened to be adjacent to a node
implementing the option.
o (Mandatory unless the node supports multiple active defined links
between a pair of HPR/IP ports and supports multiple active
dynamic links between a pair of HPR/IP ports.) Anytime a node
rejects the activation of an HPR/IP link as an unsupported
parallel link between a pair of HPR/IP ports (sense data
X'10160045' or X'10160046'), it should perform liveness on any
active link between the two ports that is using a different SAP
pair. Thus, if the activation was not for a parallel link but
rather was a reactivation because one of these active links had
failed, the failed link will be detected. (If the SAP pair for
the link being activated matches the SAP pair for an active link,
a liveness test would succeed because the adjacent node would
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respond for the link being activated.) A simple way to implement
this function is for LDLC, upon receiving an activation XID, to
run liveness on all active links with a matching IP address pair
and a different SAP pair.
o (Mandatory) Anytime a node receives an activation XID with an IP
address pair and a SAP pair that match those of an active link,
it should deactivate the active link and allow it to be
reestablished. A timer is required to prevent stray XIDs from
deactivating an active link.
o (Recommended) A node should attempt to reactivate an HPR/IP link
before acting on an LDLC-detected failure. This mechanism is
helpful in preventing session activation failures in scenarios
where the other side detected a link failure earlier, but the
network has recovered.
2.4 IP Port Activation
The node operator (NO) creates a native IP DLC by issuing
DEFINE_DLC(RQ) (containing customer-configured parameters) and
START_DLC(RQ) commands to the node operator facility (NOF). NOF, in
turn, passes DEFINE_DLC(RQ) and START_DLC(RQ) signals to
configuration services (CS), and CS creates the DLC manager. Then,
the node operator can define a port by issuing DEFINE_PORT(RQ) (also
containing customer-configured parameters) to NOF with NOF passing
the associated signal to CS.
A node with adapters attached to multiple IP subnetworks may
represent the multiple adapters as a single HPR/IP port. However, in
that case, the node associates a single IP address with that port.
RFC 1122 [9] requires that a node with multiple adapters be able to
use the same source IP address on outgoing UDP packets regardless of
the adapter used for transmission.
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*----------------------------------------------*
| NOF CS DLC |
*----------------------------------------------*
. DEFINE_DLC(RQ) .
1 o----------------->o
. DEFINE_DLC(RSP) |
2 o<-----------------*
. START_DLC(RQ) . create
3 o----------------->o------------------->o
. START_DLC(RSP) | .
4 o<-----------------* .
. DEFINE_PORT(RQ) . .
5 o----------------->o .
. DEFINE_PORT(RSP) | .
6 o<-----------------* .
Figure 2. IP Port Activation
The following parameters are received in DEFINE_PORT(RQ):
o Port name
o DLC name
o Port type (if IP connection networks are supported, set to shared
access transport facility [SATF]; otherwise, set to switched)
o Link station role (set to negotiable)
o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461 [1492 less an allowance
for the IP, UDP, and LLC headers])
o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461 [1492 less an allowance
for the IP, UDP, and LLC headers])
o Link activation limits (total, inbound, and outbound)
o IPv4 supported (set to yes)
o The local IPv4 address (required if IPv4 is supported)
o IPv6 supported (set to no; may be set to yes in the future; see
2.9, "IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration" on page 35)
o The local IPv6 address (required if IPv6 is supported)
o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3)
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o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 seconds; a smaller
value such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus network)
o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; see 2.3.1,
"LDLC Liveness" on page 7)
o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
Service byte of the IP header for the LLC commands such as XID
and for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults
are given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28.)
2.4.1 Maximum BTU Sizes for HPR/IP
When IP datagrams are larger than the underlying physical links
support, IP performs fragmentation. When HPR/IP links are
established, the default maximum basic transmission unit (BTU) sizes
are 1461 bytes, which corresponds to the typical IP maximum
transmission unit (MTU) size of 1492 bytes supported by routers on
token-ring networks. 1461 is 1492 less 20 bytes for the IP header, 8
bytes for the UDP header, and 3 bytes for the IEEE 802.2 LLC header.
The IP header is larger than 20 bytes when optional fields are
included; smaller maximum BTU sizes should be configured if optional
IP header fields are used in the IP network. For IPv6, the default
is reduced to 1441 bytes to allow for the typical IPv6 header size of
40 bytes. Smaller maximum BTU sizes (but not less than 768) should
be used to avoid fragmentation when necessary. Larger BTU sizes
should be used to improve performance when the customer's IP network
supports a sufficiently large IP MTU size. The maximum receive and
send BTU sizes are passed to CS in DEFINE_PORT(RQ). These maximum
BTU sizes can be overridden in DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) or DEFINE_LS(RQ).
The Flags field in the IP header should be set to allow
fragmentation. Some products will not be able to control the setting
of the bit allowing fragmentation; in that case, fragmentation will
most likely be allowed. Although fragmentation is slow and prevents
prioritization based on UDP port numbers, it does allow connectivity
across paths with small MTU sizes.
2.5 IP Transmission Groups (TGs)
2.5.1 Regular TGs
Regular HPR TGs may be established in IP networks using the native IP
DLC architecture. Each of these TGs is composed of one or more
HPR/IP links. Configuration services (CS) identifies the TG with the
destination control point (CP) name and TG number; the destination CP
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name may be configured or learned via XID, and the TG number, which
may be configured, is negotiated via XID. For auto-activatable
links, the destination CP name and TG number must be configured.
When multiple links (dynamic or defined) are established between a
pair of IP ports (each associated with a single IP address), an
incoming packet can be mapped to its associated link using the IP
address pair and the service access point (SAP) address pair. If a
node receives an activation XID for a defined link with an IP address
pair and a SAP pair that are the same as for an active defined link,
that node can assume that the link has failed and that the partner
node is reactivating the link. In such a case as an optimization,
the node receiving the XID can take down the active link and allow
the link to be reestablished in the IP network. Because UDP packets
can arrive out of order, implementation of this optimization requires
the use of a timer to prevent a stray XID from deactivating an active
link.
Support for multiple defined links between a pair of HPR/IP ports is
optional. There is currently no value in defining multiple HPR/IP
links between a pair of ports. In the future if HPR/IP support for
the Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) [10] is defined, it may be
advantageous to define such parallel links to segregate traffic by
COS on RSVP "sessions." Using RSVP, HPR would be able to reserve
bandwidth in IP networks. An HPR logical link would be mapped to an
RSVP "session" that would likely be identified by either a specific
application-provided UDP port number or a dynamically-assigned UDP
port number.
When multiple defined HPR/IP links between ports are not supported,
an incoming activation for a defined HPR/IP link may be rejected with
sense data X'10160045' if an active defined HPR/IP link already
exists between the ports. If the SAP pair in the activation XID
matches the SAP pair for the existing link, the optimization
described above may be used instead.
If parallel defined HPR/IP links between ports are not supported, an
incoming activation XID is mapped to the defined link station (if it
exists) associated with the port on the adjacent node using the
source IP address in the incoming activation XID. This source IP
address should be the same as the destination IP address associated
with the matching defined link station. (They may not be the same if
the adjacent node has multiple IP addresses, and the configuration
was not coordinated correctly.)
If parallel HPR/IP links between ports are supported, multiple
defined link stations may be associated with the port on the adjacent
node. In that case, predefined TG numbers (see "Partitioning the TG
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Number Space" in Chapter 9 Configuration Services of [1]) may be used
to map the XID to a specific link station. However, because the same
TG characteristics may be used for all HPR/IP links between a given
pair of ports, all the link stations associated with the port in the
adjacent node should be equivalent; as a result, TG number
negotiation using negotiable TG numbers may be used.
In the future, if multiple HPR/IP links with different
characteristics are defined between a pair of ports using RSVP,
defined link stations will need sufficient configured information to
be matched with incoming XIDs. (Correct matching of an incoming XID
to a defined link station allows CS to provide the correct TG
characteristics to topology and routing services (TRS).) At that
time CS will do the mapping based on both the IP address of the
adjacent node and a predefined TG number.
The node initiating link activation knows which link it is
activating. Some parameters sent in prenegotiation XID are defined
in the regular link station configuration and not allowed to change
in following negotiation-proceeding XIDs. To allow for forward
migration to RSVP, when a regular TG is activated in an IP network,
the node receiving the first XID (i.e., the node not initiating link
activation) must also understand which defined link station is being
activated before sending a prenegotiation XID in order to correctly
set parameters that cannot change. For this reason, the node
initiating link activation will indicate the TG number in
prenegotiation XIDs by including a TG Descriptor (X'46') control
vector containing a TG Identifier (X'80') subfield. Furthermore, the
node receiving the first XID will force the node activating the link
to send the first prenegotiation XID by responding to null XIDs with
null XIDs. To prevent potential deadlocks, the node receiving the
first XID has a limit (the LDLC retry count can be used) on the
number of null XIDs it will send. Once this limit is reached, that
node will send an XID with an XID Negotiation Error (X'22') control
vector in response to a null XID; sense data X'0809003A' is included
in the control vector to indicate unexpected null XID. If the node
that received the first XID receives a prenegotiation XID without the
TG Identifier subfield, it will send an XID with an XID Negotiation
Error control vector to reject the link connection; sense data
X'088C4680' is included in the control vector to indicate the
subfield was missing.
For a regular TG, the TG parameters are provided by the node operator
based on customer configuration in DEFINE_PORT(RQ) and DEFINE_LS(RQ).
The following parameters are supplied in DEFINE_LS(RQ) for HPR/IP
links:
Dudley Informational [Page 14]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
o The destination IP host name (this parameter can usually be
mapped to the destination IP address): If the link is not
activated at node initialization, the IP host name should be
mapped to an IP address, and the IP address should be stored with
the link station definition. This is required to allow an
incoming link activation to be matched with the link station
definition. If the adjacent node activates the link with a
different IP address (e.g., it could have multiple ports), it
will not be possible to match the link activation with the link
station definition, and the default parameters specified in the
local port definition will be used.
o The destination IP version (set to version 4, support for version
6 may be required in the future; this parameter is only required
if the address and version cannot be determined using the
destination IP host name.)
o The destination IP address (in the format specified by the
destination IP version; this parameter is only required if the
address cannot be determined using the destination IP host name.)
o Source service access point address (SSAP) used for XID, TEST,
DISC, and DM (default is X'04'; other values may be specified
when multiple links between a pair of IP addresses are defined)
o Destination service access point address (DSAP) used for XID,
TEST, DISC, and DM (default is X'04')
o Source service access point address (SSAP) used for HPR network
layer packets (NLPs) (default is X'C8'; other values may be
specified when multiple links between a pair of IP addresses are
defined.)
o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used
to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT.)
o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used to
override the setting in DEFINE_PORT.)
o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
Service byte of the IP header for LLC commands such as XID and
for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults are
given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28; this parameter is
used to override the settings in DEFINE_PORT)
o Shareable with connection network traffic (default is yes for
non-RSVP links)
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3; this parameter is used to
override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 seconds; a smaller
value such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus link; this
parameter is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; this parameter
is to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT; see 2.3.1, "LDLC ness"
on page 7)
o Auto-activation supported (default is no; may be set to yes when
the local node has switched access to the IP network)
o Limited resource (default is to set in concert with auto-
activation supported)
o Limited resource liveness timer (default is 45 sec.)
o Port name
o Adjacent CP name (optional)
o Local CP-CP sessions supported
o Defined TG number (optional)
o TG characteristics
The following figures show the activation and deactivation of regular
TGs.
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
|CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
. . . .
.CONNECT_OUT(RQ) . create . .
o--------------->o-------------->o . .
. | new LDLC . .
. o----------------------------->o .
CONNECT_OUT(+RSP)| . . .
o<---------------* . . .
| XID . XID(CMD) . XID
*------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
Figure 3. Regular TG Activation (outgoing)
In Figure 3 upon receiving START_LS(RQ) from NOF, CS starts the link
activation process by sending CONNECT_OUT(RQ) to the DLC manager.
The DLC manager creates an instance of LDLC for the link, informs the
link demultiplexor, and sends CONNECT_OUT(+RSP) to CS. Then, CS
starts the activation XID exchange.
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
|CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
. . . .
. CONNECT_IN(RQ) . XID(CMD) . XID . XID
o<---------------o<-----------------------------o<--------------o<-----
| CONNECT_IN(RSP). create . .
*--------------->o-------------->o . .
. | new LDLC . .
. o----------------------------->o .
. | XID(CMD) . . .
. *-------------->o . .
. XID | . .
o<-------------------------------* . .
| XID . XID(RSP) . XID
*------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
Figure 4. Regular TG Activation (incoming)
In Figure 4, when an XID is received for a new link, it is passed to
the DLC manager. The DLC manager sends CONNECT_IN(RQ) to notify CS
of the incoming link activation, and CS sends CONNECT_IN(+RSP)
accepting the link activation. The DLC manager then creates a new
instance of LDLC, informs the link demultiplexor, and forwards the
XID to to CS via LDLC. CS then responds by sending an XID to the
adjacent node.
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
The two following figures show normal TG deactivation (outgoing and
incoming).
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
|CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
. . . . .
. DEACT . DISC . DISC
o------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
. DEACT . DM . DM . DM
o<-------------------------------o<-------------o<--------------o<-----
| DISCONNECT(RQ) . destroy . . .
*--------------->o-------------->o . .
DISCONNECT(RSP) | . .
o<---------------* . .
Figure 5. Regular TG Deactivation (outgoing)
In Figure 5 upon receiving STOP_LS(RQ) from NOF, CS sends DEACT to
notify the partner node that the HPR link is being deactivated. When
the response is received, CS sends DISCONNECT(RQ) to the DLC manager,
and the DLC manager deactivates the instance of LDLC. Upon receiving
DISCONNECT(RSP), CS sends STOP_LS(RSP) to NOF.
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
|CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
*------------------------------------------------------------------*
. . . . .
. DEACT . DISC . DISC . DISC
o<-------------------------------o<-------------o<--------------o<-----
| . | DM . DM
| . *----------------------------->o----->
| DISCONNECT(RQ) . destroy . . .
*--------------->o-------------->o . .
.DISCONNECT(RSP) | . .
o<---------------* . .
Figure 6. Regular TG Deactivation (incoming)
In Figure 6, when an adjacent node deactivates a TG, the local node
receives a DISC. CS sends STOP_LS(IND) to NOF. Because IP is
connectionless, the DLC manager is not aware that the link has been
deactivated. For that reason, CS also needs to send DISCONNECT(RQ)
to the DLC manager; the DLC manager deactivates the instance of LDLC.
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
2.5.1.1 Limited Resources and Auto-Activation
To reduce tariff charges, the APPN architecture supports the
definition of switched links as limited resources. A limited-
resource link is deactivated when there are no sessions traversing
the link. Intermediate HPR nodes are not aware of sessions between
logical units (referred to as LU-LU sessions) carried in crossing RTP
connections; in HPR nodes, limited-resource TGs are deactivated when
no traffic is detected for some period of time. Furthermore, APPN
links may be defined as auto-activatable. Auto-activatable links are
activated when a new session has been routed across the link.
An HPR node may have access to an IP network via a switched access
link. In such environments, it may be advisable for customers to
define regular HPR/IP links as limited resources and as being auto-
activatable.
2.5.2 IP Connection Networks
Connection network support for IP networks (option set 2010), is
described in this section.
APPN architecture defines single link TGs across the point-to-point
lines connecting APPN nodes. The natural extension of this model
would be to define a TG between each pair of nodes connected to a
shared access transport facility (SATF) such as a LAN or IP network.
However, the high cost of the system definition of such a mesh of TGs
is prohibitive for a network of more than a few nodes. For that
reason, the APPN connection network model was devised to reduce the
system definition required to establish TGs between APPN nodes.
Other TGs may be defined through the SATF which are not part of the
connection network. Such TGs (referred to as regular TGs in this
document) are required for sessions between control points (referred
to as CP-CP sessions) but may also be used for LU-LU sessions.
In the connection network model, a virtual routing node (VRN) is
defined to represent the SATF. Each node attached to the SATF
defines a single TG to the VRN rather than TGs to all other attached
nodes.
Topology and routing services (TRS) specifies that a session is to be
routed between two nodes across a connection network by including the
connection network TGs between each of those nodes and the VRN in the
Route Selection control vector (RSCV). When a network node has a TG
to a VRN, the network topology information associated with that TG
includes DLC signaling information required to establish connectivity
to that node across the SATF. For an end node, the DLC signaling
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
information is returned as part of the normal directory services (DS)
process. TRS includes the DLC signaling information for TGs across
connection networks in RSCVs.
CS creates a dynamic link station when the next hop in the RSCV of an
ACTIVATE_ROUTE signal received from session services (SS) is a
connection network TG or when an adjacent node initiates link
activation upon receiving such an ACTIVATE_ROUTE signal. Dynamic
link stations are normally treated as limited resources, which means
they are deactivated when no sessions are using them. CP-CP sessions
are not supported on connections using dynamic link stations because
CP-CP sessions normally need to be kept up continuously.
Establishment of a link across a connection network normally requires
the use of CP-CP sessions to determine the destination IP address.
Because CP-CP sessions must flow across regular TGs, the definition
of a connection network does not eliminate the need to define regular
TGs as well.
Normally, one connection network is defined on a LAN (i.e., one VRN
is defined.) For an environment with several interconnected campus
IP networks, a single wide-area connection network can be defined; in
addition, separate connection networks can be defined between the
nodes connected to each campus IP network.
2.5.2.1 Establishing IP Connection Networks
Once the port is defined, a connection network can be defined on the
port. In order to support multiple TGs from a port to a VRN, the
connection network is defined by the following process:
1. A connection network and its associated VRN are defined on the
port. This is accomplished by the node operator issuing a
DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RQ) command to NOF and NOF passing a
DEFINE_CN(RQ) signal to CS.
2. Each TG from the port to the VRN is defined by the node operator
issuing DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RQ) to NOF and NOF passing
DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) to CS.
Prior to implementation of Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
support, only one connection network TG between a port and a VRN is
required. In that case, product support for the DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ)
signal is not required because a single set of port configuration
parameters for each connection network is sufficient. If a NOF
implementation does not support DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ), the parameters
listed in the following section for DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ), are provided by
DEFINE_CN(RQ) instead. Furthermore, the Connection Network TG
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
Numbers (X'81') subfield in the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector
on an activation XID is only required to support multiple connection
network TGs to a VRN, and its use is optional.
*-----------------------------------------------------*
| NO NOF CS |
*-----------------------------------------------------*
DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RQ) DEFINE_CN(RQ) .
o------------------------>o----------------->o
DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RSP) DEFINE_CN(RSP) |
o<------------------------o<-----------------*
DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RQ) DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) .
o------------------------>o----------------->o
DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RSP) DEFINE_CN_TG(RSP)|
o<------------------------o<-----------------*
Figure 7. IP Connection Network Definition
An incoming dynamic link activation may be rejected with sense data
X'10160046' if there is an existing dynamic link between the two
ports over the same connection network (i.e., with the same VRN CP
name). If a node receives an activation XID for a dynamic link with
an IP address pair, a SAP pair, and a VRN CP name that are the same
as for an active dynamic link, that node can assume that the link has
failed and that the partner node is reactivating the link. In such a
case as an optimization, the node receiving the XID can take down the
active link and allow the link to be reestablished in the IP network.
Because UDP packets can arrive out of order, implementation of this
optimization requires the use of a timer to prevent a stray XID from
deactivating an active link.
Once all the connection networks are defined, the node operator
issues START_PORT(RQ), NOF passes the associated signal to CS, and CS
passes ACTIVATE_PORT(RQ) to the DLC manager. Upon receiving the
ACTIVATE_PORT(RSP) signal from the DLC manager, CS sends a TG_UPDATE
signal to TRS for each defined connection network TG. Each signal
notifies TRS that a TG to the VRN has been activated and includes TG
vectors describing the TG. If the port fails or is deactivated, CS
sends TG_UPDATE indicating the connection network TGs are no longer
operational. Information about TGs between a network node and the
VRN is maintained in the network topology database. Information
about TGs between an end node and the VRN is maintained only in the
local topology database. If TRS has no node entry in its topology
database for the VRN, TRS dynamically creates such an entry. A VRN
node entry will become part of the network topology database only if
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
a network node has defined a TG to the VRN; however, TRS is capable
of selecting a direct path between two end nodes across a connection
network without a VRN node entry.
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*
| CS TRS DLC DMUX |
*--------------------------------------------------------------------*
. ACTIVATE_PORT(RQ) . create
o--------------------------------------->o----------------->o
. ACTIVATE_PORT(RSP) | .
o<---------------------------------------* .
| TG_UPDATE . . .
*------------------->o . .
. . . .
Figure 8. IP Connection Network Establishment
The TG vectors for IP connection network TGs include the following
information:
o TG number
o VRN CP name
o TG characteristics used during route selection
- Effective capacity
- Cost per connect time
- Cost per byte transmitted
- Security
- Propagation delay
- User defined parameters
o Signaling information
- IP version (indicates the format of the IP header including
the IP address)
- IP address
- Link service access point address (LSAP) used for XID, TEST,
DISC, and DM
2.5.2.2 IP Connection Network Parameters
For a connection network TG, the parameters are determined by CS
using several inputs. Parameters that are particular to the local
port, connection network, or TG are system defined and received in
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
DEFINE_PORT(RQ), DEFINE_CN(RQ), or DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ). Signaling
information for the destination node including its IP address is
received in the ACTIVATE_ROUTE request from SS.
The following configuration parameters are received in DEFINE_CN(RQ):
o Connection network name (CP name of the VRN)
o Limited resource liveness timer (default is 45 sec.)
o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
Service byte of the IP header for LLC commands such as XID and
for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults are
given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28; this parameter is
used to override the settings in DEFINE_PORT)
The following configuration parameters are received in
DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ):
o Port name
o Connection network name (CP name of the VRN)
o Connection network TG number (set to a value between 1 and 239)
o TG characteristics (see 2.6.3, "Default TG Characteristics" on
page 30)
o Link service access point address (LSAP) used for XID, TEST,
DISC, and DM (default is X'04')
o Link service access point address (LSAP) used for HPR network
layer packets (default is X'C8')
o Limited resource (default is yes)
o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3; this parameter is used to
override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 sec.; a smaller value
such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus connection network;
this parameter is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; this parameter
is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT; see 2.3.1, "LDLC
Liveness" on page 7)
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
o Shareable with other HPR traffic (default is yes for non-RSVP
links)
o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used
to override the value in DEFINE_PORT(RQ).)
o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used to
override the value in DEFINE_PORT(RQ).)
The following parameters are received in ACTIVATE_ROUTE for
connection network TGs:
o The TG pair
o The destination IP version (if this version is not supported by
the local node, the ACTIVATE_ROUTE_RSP reports the activation
failure with sense data X'086B46A5'.)
o The destination IP address (in the format specified by the
destination IP version)
o Destination service access point address (DSAP) used for XID,
TEST, DISC, and DM
2.5.2.3 Sharing of TGs
Connection network traffic is multiplexed onto a regular defined IP
TG (usually used for CP-CP session traffic) in order to reduce the
control block storage. No XIDs flow to establish a new TG on the IP
network, and no new LLC is created. When a regular TG is shared,
incoming traffic is demultiplexed using the normal means. If the
regular TG is deactivated, a path switch is required for the HPR
connection network traffic sharing the TG.
Multiplexing is possible if the following conditions hold:
1. Both the regular TG and the connection network TG to the VRN are
defined as shareable between HPR traffic streams.
2. The destination IP address is the same.
3. The regular TG is established first. (Because links established
for connection network traffic do not support CP-CP sessions,
there is little value in allowing a regular TG to share such a
link.)
The destination node is notified via XID when a TG can be shared
between HPR data streams. At either end, upon receiving
Dudley Informational [Page 24]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
ACTIVATE_ROUTE requesting a shared TG for connection network traffic,
CS checks its TGs for one meeting the required specifications before
initiating a new link. First, CS looks for a link established for
the TG pair; if there is no such link, CS determines if there is a
regular TG that can be shared and, if multiple such TGs exist, which
TG to choose. As a result, RTP connections routed over the same TG
pair may actually use different links, and RTP connections routed
over different TG pairs may use the same link.
2.5.2.4 Minimizing RSCV Length
The maximum length of a Route Selection (X'2B') control vector (RSCV)
is 255 bytes. Use of connection networks significantly increases the
size of the RSCV contents required to describe a "hop" across an
SATF. First, because two connection network TGs are used to specify
an SATF hop, two TG Descriptor (X'46') control vectors are required.
Furthermore, inclusion of DLC signaling information within the TG
Descriptor control vectors increases the length of these control
vectors. As a result, the total number of hops that can be specified
in RSCVs traversing connection networks is reduced.
To avoid unnecessarily limiting the number of hops, a primary goal in
designing the formats for IP signaling information is to minimize
their size. Additional techniques are also used to reduce the effect
of the RSCV length limitation.
For an IP connection network, DLC signaling information is required
only for the second TG (i.e., from the VRN to the destination node);
the signaling information for the first TG is locally defined at the
origin node. For this reason, the topology database does not include
DLC signaling information for the entry describing a connection
network TG from a network node to a VRN. The DLC signaling
information is included in the allied entry for the TG in the
opposite direction. This mechanism cannot be used for a connection
network TG between a VRN and an end node. However, a node
implementing IP connection networks does not include IP signaling
information for the first connection network TG when constructing an
RSCV.
In an environment where APPN network nodes are used to route between
legacy LANs and wide-area IP networks, it is recommended that
customers not define connection network TGs between these network
nodes and VRNs representing legacy LANs. Typically, defined links
are required between end nodes on the legacy LANs and such network
nodes which also act as network node servers for the end nodes.
These defined links can be used for user traffic as well as control
traffic. This technique will reduce the number of connection network
hops in RSCVs between end nodes on different legacy LANs.
Dudley Informational [Page 25]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
Lastly, for environments where RSCVs are still not able to include
enough hops, extended border nodes (EBNs) can be used to partition
the network. In this case, the EBNs will also provide piecewise
subnet route calculation and RSCV swapping. Thus, the entire route
does not need to be described in a single RSCV with its length
limitation.
2.5.3 XID Changes
Packets transmitted over IP networks are lost or arrive out of order
more often than packets transmitted over other "link" technologies.
As a result, the following problem with the XID3 negotiation protocol
was exposed:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*---------------------------------*
|Node A Node B|
*---------------------------------*
o
o
o
XID3 (np, NEG)
o<-------------------------o
|XID3 (np, SEC)
*------------------------->o
XID3 (np, PRI)|
lost<-----------*
time out
XID3 (np, SEC)
o------------------------->o
SETMODE |
o<-------------------------*
fail because never
received XID3 (np, PRI)
Notation: np - negotiation proceeding
NEG - negotiable link station role
SEC - secondary link station role
PRI - primary link station role
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 9. XID3 Protocol Problem
In the above sequence, the XID3(np, PRI), which is a link-level
response to the received XID3(np, SEC), is lost. Node A times out
and resends the XID3(np, SEC) as a link-level command. When Node B
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
receives this command, it thinks that the XID3(np, PRI) was
successfully received by Node A and that the activation XID exchange
is complete. As a result, Node B sends SETMODE (SNRM, SABME, or
XID_DONE_RQ, depending upon the link type). When Node A receives
SETMODE, it fails the link activation because it has not received an
XID3(np, PRI) from Node B confirming that Node B does indeed agree to
be the primary. Moreover, there are similar problems with incomplete
TG number negotiation.
To solve the problems with incomplete role and TG number negotiation,
two new indicators are defined in XID3. The problems are solved only
if both link stations support these new indicators:
o Negotiation Complete Supported indicator (byte 12 bit 0) -- this
1-bit field indicates whether the Negotiation Complete indicator
is supported. This field is meaningful when the XID exchange
state is negotiation proceeding; otherwise, it is reserved. A
value of 0 means the Negotiation Complete indicator is not
supported; a value of 1 means the indicator is supported.
o Negotiation Complete indicator (byte 12 bit 1) -- this 1-bit
field is meaningful only when the XID exchange state is
negotiation proceeding, the XID3 is sent by the secondary link
station, and the Negotiation Complete Supported indicator is set
to 1; otherwise, this field is reserved. This field is set to 1
by a secondary link station that supports enhanced XID
negotiation when it considers the activation XID negotiation to
be complete for both link station role and TG number (i.e., it is
ready to receive a SETMODE command from the primary link
station.)
When a primary link station that supports enhanced XID negotiation
receives an XID3(np) with both the Negotiation Complete Supported
indicator and the Negotiation Complete indicator set to 1, the
primary link station will know that it can safely send SETMODE if it
also considers the XID negotiation to be complete. The new
indicators are used as shown in the following sequence when both the
primary and secondary link stations support enhanced XID negotiation.
Dudley Informational [Page 27]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*----------------------------------*
|Node A Node B |
*----------------------------------*
o
o
o
XID3 (np, NEG, S, ^C)
1 o<--------------------------o
|XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
2 *-------------------------->o
XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
3 lost <-----------*
time out
XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
4 o-------------------------->o
XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
5 o<--------------------------*
|XID3 (np, SEC, S, C)
6 *-------------------------->o
SETMODE |
7 o<--------------------------*
^S indicates that byte 12 bit 0 is set to 0.
S indicates that byte 12 bit 0 is set to 1.
^C indicates that byte 12 bit 1 is set to 0.
C indicates that byte 12 bit 1 is set to 1.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 10. Enhanced XID Negotiation
When Node B receives the XID in flow 4, it realizes that the Node A
does not consider XID negotiation to be complete; as a result, it
resends its current XID information in flow 5. When Node A receives
this XID, it responds in flow 6 with an XID that indicates XID
negotiation is complete. At this point, Node B, acting as the
primary link station, sends SETMODE, and the link is activated
successfully.
Migration cases with only one link station supporting enhanced XID
negotiation are shown in the two following sequences. In the next
sequence, only Node A (acting as the secondary link station) supports
the new function.
Dudley Informational [Page 28]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*---------------------------------*
|Node A Node B|
*---------------------------------*
o
o
o
XID3 (np, NEG, ^S)
1 o<--------------------------o
|XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
2 *-------------------------->o
XID3 (np, PRI, ^S)|
3 lost <-----------*
time out
XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
4 o-------------------------->o
SETMODE |
5 o<--------------------------*
fail
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 11. First Migration Case
The XID negotiation fails because Node B does not understand the new
indicators and responds to flow 4 with SETMODE.
In the next sequence, Node B supports the new indicators but Node A
does not.
Dudley Informational [Page 29]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*---------------------------------*
|Node A Node B|
*---------------------------------*
o
o
o
XID3 (np, NEG, S, ^C)
1 o<--------------------------o
|XID3 (np, SEC, ^S)
2 *-------------------------->o
XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
3 lost <-----------*
time out
XID3 (np, SEC, ^S)
4 o-------------------------->o
SETMODE |
5 o<--------------------------*
fail
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 12. Second Migration Case
The XID negotiation fails because Nobe A does not understand the new
indicators and thus cannot indicate that it thinks XID negotiation is
not complete in flow 4. Node B understands that the secondary link
station (node A) does not support the new indicators and respond with
SETMODE in flow 5.
Products that support HPR/IP links are required to support enhanced
XID negotiation. Moreover, it is recommended that products
implementing this solution for HPR/IP links also support it for other
link types.
2.5.4 Unsuccessful IP Link Activation
Link activation may fail for several different reasons. When link
activation over a connection network or of an auto-activatable link
is attempted upon receiving ACTIVATE_ROUTE from SS, activation
failure is reported with ACTIVATE_ROUTE_RSP containing sense data
explaining the cause of failure. Likewise, when activation fails for
other regular defined links, the failure is reported with
START_LS(RSP) containing sense data.
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
As is normal for session activation failures, the sense data is also
sent to the node that initiated the session. At the APPN-to-HPR
boundary, a -RSP(BIND) or an UNBIND with an Extended Sense Data
control vector is generated and returned to the primary logical unit
(PLU).
At an intermediate HPR node, link activation failure can be reported
with sense data X'08010000' or X'80020000'. At a node with route-
selection responsibility, such failure can be reported with sense
data X'80140001'.
The following table contains the sense data for the various causes of
link activation failure:
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1 (Page 1 of 2). Native IP DLC Link Activation Failure Sense |
| Data |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ERROR DESCRIPTION | SENSE DATA |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The link specified in the RSCV is not available. | X'08010000' |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The limit for null XID responses by a called node was | X'0809003A' |
| reached. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| A BIND was received over a subarea link, but the next | X'08400002' |
| hop is over a port that supports only HPR links. The | |
| receiver does not support this configuration. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The contents of the DLC Signaling Type (X'91') | X'086B4691' |
| subfield of the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector | |
| contained in the RSCV were invalid. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The contents of the IP Address and Link Service Access | X'086B46A5' |
| Point Address (X'A5') subfield of the TG Descriptor | |
| (X'46') control vector contained in the RSCV were | |
| invalid. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| No DLC Signaling Type (X'91') subfield was found in | X'086D4691' |
| the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector contained in | |
| the RSCV. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| No IP Address and Link Service Access Point Address | X'086D46A5' |
| (X'A5') subfield was found in the TG Descriptor | |
| (X'46') control vector contained in the RSCV. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Multiple sets of DLC signaling information were found | X'08770019' |
| in the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector contained | |
| in the RSCV. IP supports only one set of DLC | |
| signaling information. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Link Definition Error: A link is defined as not | X'08770026' |
| supporting HPR, but the port only supports HPR links. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| A called node found no TG Identifier (X'80') subfield | X'088C4680' |
| within a TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector in a | |
| prenegotiation XID for a defined link in an IP | |
| network. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 1 (Page 2 of 2). Native IP DLC Link Activation Failure Sense |
| Data |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The XID3 received from the adjacent node does not | X'10160031' |
| contain an HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector. | |
| The IP port supports only HPR links. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The RTP Supported indicator is set to 0 in the HPR | X'10160032' |
| Capabilities (X'61') control vector of the XID3 | |
| received from the adjacent node. The IP port supports | |
| only links to nodes that support RTP. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The Control Flows over RTP Supported indicator is set | X'10160033' |
| to 0 in the HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector of | |
| the XID3 received from the adjacent node. The IP port | |
| supports only links to nodes that support control | |
| flows over RTP. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The LDLC Supported indicator is set to 0 in the HPR | X'10160034' |
| Capabilities (X'61') control vector of the XID3 | |
| received from the adjacent node. The IP port supports | |
| only links to nodes that support LDLC. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| The HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector received | X'10160044' |
| in XID3 does not include an IEEE 802.2 LLC (X'80') HPR | |
| Capabilities subfield. The subfield is required on an | |
| IP link. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Multiple defined links between a pair of switched | X'10160045' |
| ports is not supported by the local node. A link | |
| activation request was received for a defined link, | |
| but there is an active defined link between the paired | |
| switched ports. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Multiple dynamic links across a connection network | X'10160046' |
| between a pair of switched ports is not supported by | |
| the local node. A link activation request was | |
| received for a dynamic link, but there is an active | |
| dynamic link between the paired switched ports across | |
| the same connection network. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Link failure | X'80020000' |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Route selection services has determined that no path | X'80140001' |
| to the destination node exists for the specified COS. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
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2.6 IP Throughput Characteristics
2.6.1 IP Prioritization
Typically, IP routers process packets on a first-come-first-served
basis; i.e., no packets are given transmission priority. However,
some IP routers prioritize packets based on IP precedence (the 3-bit
field within the Type of Service byte of the IP header) or UDP port
numbers. (With the current plans for IP security, the UDP port
numbers are encrypted; as a result, IP routers would not be able to
prioritize encrypted traffic based on the UDP port numbers.) HPR
will be able to exploit routers that provide priority function.
The 5 UDP port numbers, 12000-12004 (decimal), have been assigned by
the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). Four of these port
numbers are used for ANR-routed network layer packets (NLPs) and
correspond to the APPN transmission priorities (network, 12001; high,
12002; medium, 12003; and low, 12004), and one port number (12000) is
used for a set of LLC commands (i.e., XID, TEST, DISC, and DM) and
function-routed NLPs (i.e., XID_DONE_RQ and XID_DONE_RSP). These
port numbers are used for "listening" and are also used in the
destination port number field of the UDP header of transmitted
packets. The source port number field of the UDP header can be set
either to one of these port numbers or to an ephemeral port number.
The IP precedence for each transmission priority and for the set of
LLC commands (including function-routed NLPs) are configurable. The
implicit assumption is that the precedence value is associated with
priority queueing and not with bandwidth allocation; however,
bandwidth allocation policies can be administered by matching on the
precedence field. The default mapping to IP precedence is shown in
the following table:
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
+---------------------------------------------+
| Table 2. Default IP Precedence Settings |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| PRIORITY | PRECEDENCE |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| LLC commands and | 110 |
| function-routed NLPs | |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Network | 110 |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| High | 100 |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Medium | 010 |
+----------------------+----------------------+
| Low | 001 |
+----------------------+----------------------+
As an example, with this default mapping, telnet, interactive ftp,
and business-use web traffic could be mapped to a precedence value of
011, and batch ftp could be mapped to a value of 000.
These settings were devised based on the AIW's understanding of the
intended use of IP precedence. The use of IP precedence will be
modified appropriately if the IETF standardizes its use differently.
The other fields in the IP TOS byte are not used and should be set to
0.
For outgoing ANR-routed NLPs, the destination (and optionally the
source) UDP port numbers and IP precedence are set based on the
transmission priority specified in the HPR network header.
It is expected that the native IP DLC architecture described in this
document will be used primarily for private campus or wide-area
intranets where the customer will be able to configure the routers to
honor the transmission priority associated with the UDP port numbers
or IP precedence. The architecture can be used to route HPR traffic
in the Internet; however, in that environment, routers do not
currently provide the priority function, and customers may find the
performance unacceptable.
In the future, a form of bandwidth reservation may be possible in IP
networks using the Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), or the
differentiated services currently being studied by the Integrated
Services working group of the IETF. Bandwidth could be reserved for
an HPR/IP link thus insulating the HPR traffic from congestion
associated with the traffic of other protocols.
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2.6.2 APPN Transmission Priority and COS
APPN transmission priority and class of service (COS) allow APPN TGs
to be highly utilized with batch traffic without impacting the
performance of response-time sensitive interactive traffic.
Furthermore, scheduling algorithms guarantee that lower-priority
traffic is not completely blocked. The result is predictable
performance.
When a session is initiated across an APPN network, the session's
mode is mapped into a COS and transmission priority. For each COS,
APPN has a COS table that is used in the route selection process to
select the most appropriate TGs (based on their TG characteristics)
for the session to traverse. The TG characteristics and COS tables
are defined such that APPN topology and routing services (TRS) will
select the appropriate TG for the traffic of each COS.
2.6.3 Default TG Characteristics
In Chapter 7 (TRS) of [1], there is a set of SNA-defined TG default
profiles. When a TG (connection network or regular) is defined as
being of a particular technology (e.g., ethernet or X.25) without
specification of the TG's characteristics, parameters from the
technology's default profile are used in the TG's topology entry.
The customer is free to override these values via configuration.
Some technologies have multiple profiles (e.g., ISDN has both a
profile for switched and nonswitched.) Two default profiles are
required for IP TGs. This many are needed because there are both
campus and wide-area IP networks. As a result for each HPR/IP TG, a
customer should specify, at minimum, campus or wide area. HPR/IP TGs
traversing the Internet should be specified as wide-area links. If
no specification is made, a campus network is assumed.
The 2 IP profiles are as follows:
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 3. IP Default TG Characteristics |
+-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Cost | Cost per | Security| Propa- | Effec- |
| | per | byte | | gation | tive |
| | connect | | | delay | capacity|
| | time | | | | |
+-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
| Campus | 0 | 0 | X'01' | X'71' | X'75' |
+-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
| Wide area | 0 | 0 | X'20' | X'91' | X'43' |
+-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
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Typically, a TG is either considered to be "free" if it is owned or
leased or "costly" if it is a switched carrier facility. Free TGs
have 0 for both cost parameters, and costly TGs have 128 for both
parameters. For campus IP networks, the default for both cost
parameters is 0.
It is less clear what the defaults should be for wide area. Because
a router normally has leased access to an IP network, the defaults
for both costs are also 0. This assumes the IP network is not
tariffed. However, if the IP network is tariffed, then the customer
should set the cost per byte to 0 or 128 depending on whether the
tariff contains a component based on quantity of data transmitted,
and the customer should set the cost per connect time to 0 or 128
based on whether there is a tariff component based on connect time.
Furthermore, for switched access to the IP network, the customer
settings for both costs should also reflect the tariff associated
with the switched access link.
Only architected values (see "Security" in [1]) may be used for a
TG's security parameter. The default security value is X'01'
(lowest) for campus and X'20' (public switched network; secure in the
sense that there is no predetermined route the traffic will take) for
wide-area IP networks. The network administrator may override the
default value but should, in that case, ensure that an appropriate
level of security exists.
For wide area, the value X'91' (packet switched) is the default for
propagation delay; this is consistent with other wide-area facilities
and indicates that IP packets will experience both terrestrial
propagation delay and queueing delay in intermediate routers. This
value is suitable for both the Internet and wide-area intranets;
however, the customer could use different values to favor intranets
over the Internet during route selection. The value X'99' (long) may
be appropriate for some international links across the Internet. For
campus, the default is X'71' (terrestrial); this setting essentially
equates the queueing delay in IP networks with terrestrial
propagation delay.
For wide area, X'43' (56 kbs) is shown as the default effective
capacity; this is at the low-end of typical speeds for wide-area IP
links. For campus, X'75' (4 Mbs) is the default; this is at the
low-end of typical speeds for campus IP links. However, customers
should set the effective capacity for both campus and wide area IP
links based on the actual physical speed of the access link to the IP
network; for regular links, if both the source and destination access
speeds are known, customers should set the effective capacity based
on the minimum of these two link speeds. If there are multiple
access links, the capacity setting should be based on the physical
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speed of the access link that is expected to be used for the link.
For the encoding technique for effective capacity in the topology
database, see "Effective Capacity" in Chapter 7, Topology and Routing
Services of [1]. The table in that section can be extended as
follows for higher speeds:
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table 4. Calculated Effective Capacity Representations |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Link Speed (Approx.) | Effective Capacity |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 25M | X'8A' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 45M | X'91' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 100M | X'9A' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 155M | X'A0' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 467M | X'AC' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 622M | X'B0' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 1G | X'B5' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 1.9G | X'BC' |
+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
2.6.4 SNA-Defined COS Tables
SNA-defined batch and interactive COS tables are provided in [1].
These tables are enhanced in [2] (see section 18.7.2) for the
following reasons:
o To ensure that the tables assign reasonable weights to ATM TGs
relative to each other and other technologies based on cost,
speed, and delay
o To facilitate use of other new higher-speed facilities - This
goal is met by providing several speed groupings above 10 Mbps.
To keep the tables from growing beyond 12 rows, low-speed
groupings are merged.
Products implementing the native IP DLC should use the new COS
tables. Although the effective capacity values in the old tables are
sufficient for typical IP speeds, the new tables are valuable because
higher-speed links can be used for IP networks.
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2.6.5 Route Setup over HPR/IP links
The Resequence ("REFIFO") indicator is set in Route Setup request and
reply when the RTP path uses a multi-link TG because packets may not
be received in the order sent. The Resequence indicator is also set
when the RTP path includes an HPR/IP link as packets sent over an IP
network may arrive out of order.
Adaptive rate-based congestion control (ARB) is an HPR Rapid
Transport Protocol (RTP) function that controls the data transmission
rate over RTP connections. ARB also provides fairness between the
RTP traffic streams sharing a link. For ARB to perform these
functions in the IP environment, it is necessary to coordinate the
ARB parameters with the IP TG characteristics. This is done for IP
links in a similar manner to that done for other link types.
2.6.6 Access Link Queueing
Typically, nodes implementing the native IP DLC have an access link
to a network of IP routers. These IP routers may be providing
prioritization based on UDP port numbers or IP precedence. A node
implementing the native IP DLC can be either an IP host or an IP
router; in both cases, such nodes should also honor the priorities
associated with either the UDP port numbers or the IP precedence when
transmitting HPR data over the access link to the IP network.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
*--------* access link *--------* *--------*
| HPR |-------------| IP |-----| IP |
| node | | Router | | Router |
*--------* *--------* *--------*
| |
| |
| |
*--------* *--------* access link *--------*
| IP |-----| IP |-------------| HPR |
| Router | | Router | | node |
*--------* *--------* *--------*
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 13. Access Links
Otherwise, the priority function in the router network will be
negated with the result being HPR interactive traffic delayed by
either HPR batch traffic or the traffic of other higher-layer
protocols at the access link queues.
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2.7 Port Link Activation Limits
Three parameters are provided by NOF to CS on DEFINE_PORT(RQ) to
define the link activation limits for a port: total limit, inbound
limit, and outbound limit. The total limit is the desired maximum
number of active link stations allowed on the port for both regular
TGs and connection network TGs. The inbound limit is the desired
number of link stations reserved for connections initiated by
adjacent nodes; the purpose of this field is to insure that a minimum
number of link stations may be activated by adjacent nodes. The
outbound limit is the desired number of link stations reserved for
connections initiated by the local node. The sum of the inbound and
outbound limits must be less than or equal to the total limit. If
the sum is less than the total limit, the difference is the number of
link stations that can be activated on a demand basis as either
inbound or outbound. These limits should be based on the actual
adapter capability and the node's resources (e.g., control blocks).
A connection network TG will be reported to topology as quiescing
when its port's total limit threshold is reached; likewise, an
inactive auto-activatable regular TG is reported as nonoperational.
When the number of active link stations drops far enough below the
threshold (e.g., so that at least 20 percent of the original link
activation limit has been recovered), connection network TGs are
reported as not quiescing, and auto-activatable TGs are reported as
operational.
2.8 Network Management
APPN and HPR management information is defined by the APPN MIB (RFC
2155 [11]) and the HPR MIB (RFC 2238 [13]). In addition, the SNANAU
working group of the IETF plans to define an HPR-IP-MIB that will
provide HPR/IP-specific management information. In particular, this
MIB will provide a mapping of APPN traffic types to IP Type of
Service Precedence values, as well as a count of UDP packets sent for
each traffic type.
There are also rules that must be specified concerning the values an
HPR/IP implementation returns for objects in the APPN MIB:
o Several objects in the APPN MIB have the syntax IANAifType. The
value 126, defined as "IP (for APPN HPR in IP networks)" should
be returned by the following three objects when they identify an
HPR/IP link:
- appnPortDlcType
- appnLsDlcType
- appnLsStatusDlcType
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
o Link-level addresses are reported in the following objects:
- appnPortDlcLocalAddr
- appnLsLocalAddr
- appnLsRemoteAddr
- appnLsStatusLocalAddr
- appnLsStatusRemoteAddr
All of these objects should return ASCII character strings that
represent IP addresses in the usual dotted-decimal format. (At
this point it's not clear what the "usual...format" will be for
IPv6 addresses, but whatever it turns out to be, that is what
these objects will return when an HPR/IP link traverses an IP
network.)
o The following two objects return Object Identifiers that tie
table entries in the APPN MIB to entries in lower-layer MIBs:
- appnPortSpecific
- appnLsSpecific
Both of these objects should return the same value: a RowPointer
to the ifEntry in the agent's ifTable for the physical interface
associated with the local IP address for the port. If the agent
implements the IP-MIB (RFC 2011 [12]), this association between
the IP address and the physical interface will be represented in
the ipNetToMediaTable.
2.9 IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration
The native IP DLC is architected to use IP version 4 (IPv4).
However, support for IP version 6 (IPv6) may be required in the
future.
IP routers and hosts can interoperate only if both ends use the same
version of the IP protocol. However, most IPv6 implementations
(routers and hosts) will actually have dual IPv4/IPv6 stacks. IPv4
and IPv6 traffic can share transmission facilities provided that the
router/host at each end has a dual stack. IPv4 and IPv6 traffic will
coexist on the same infrastructure in most areas. The version number
in the IP header is used to map incoming packets to either the IPv4
or IPv6 stack. A dual-stack host which wishes to talk to an IPv4
host will use IPv4.
Hosts which have an IPv4 address can use it as an IPv6 address using
a special IPv6 address prefix (i.e., it is an embedded IPv4 address).
This mapping was provided mainly for "legacy" application
compatibility purposes as such applications don't have the socket
Dudley Informational [Page 41]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
structures needed to store full IPv6 addresses. Two IPv6 hosts may
communicate using IPv6 with embedded-IPv4 addresses.
Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be stored by the domain name service
(DNS). When an application queries DNS, it asks for IPv4 addresses,
IPv6 addresses, or both. So, it's the application that decides which
stack to use based on which addresses it asks for.
Migration for HPR/IP ports will work as follows:
An HPR/IP port is configured to support IPv4, IPv6, or both. If IPv4
is supported, a local IPv4 address is defined; if IPv6 is supported,
a local IPv6 address (which can be an embedded IPv4 address) is
defined. If both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported, both a local IPv4
address and a local IPv6 address are defined.
Defined links will work as follows: If the local node supports IPv4
only, a destination IPv4 address may be defined, or an IP host name
may be defined in which case DNS will be queried for an IPv4 address.
If the local node supports IPv6 only, a destination IPv6 address may
be defined, or an IP host name may be defined in which case DNS will
be queried for an IPv6 address. If both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported,
a destination IPv4 address may be defined, a destination IPv6 address
may be defined, or an IP host name may be defined in which case DNS
will be queried for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; if provided by DNS,
an IPv6 address can be used, and an IPv4 address can be used
otherwise.
Separate IPv4 and IPv6 connection networks can be defined. If the
local node supports IPv4, it can define a connection network TG to
the IPv4 VRN. If the local node supports IPv6, it can define a TG to
the IPv6 VRN. If both are supported, TGs can be defined to both
VRNs. Therefore, the signaling information received in RSCVs will be
compatible with the local node's capabilities unless a configuration
error has occurred.
3.0 References
[1] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
Networking Architecture Reference, SC30-3442-04. Viewable at URL:
http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50L0000/CCONTENTS
[2] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
Networking High Performance Routing Architecture Reference, Version
3.0, SV40-1018-02. Viewable at URL: http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-
bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50H6001/CCONTENTS
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
[3] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Formats, GA27-3136-16.
Viewable at URL: http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-
bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50A5003/CCONTENTS
[4] Wells, L. and A. Bartky, "Data Link Switching: Switch-to-Switch
Protocol, AIW DLSw RIG: DLSw Closed Pages, DLSw Standard Version
1.0", RFC 1795, April 1995.
[5] Bryant, D. and P. Brittain, "APPN Implementers' Workshop Closed
Pages Document DLSw v2.0 Enhancements", RFC 2166, June 1997.
[6] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August
1980.
[7] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981.
[8] Almquist, P., "Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite",
RFC 1349, July 1992.
[9] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication
Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
[10] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S. Jamin,
"Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional
Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.
[11] Clouston, B., and B. Moore, "Definitions of Managed Objects for
APPN using SMIv2", RFC 2155, June 1997.
[12] McCloghrie, K., "SNMPv2 Management Information Base for the
Internet Protocol using SMIv2", RFC 2011, November 1996.
[13] Clouston, B., and B. Moore, "Definitions of Managed Objects for
HPR using SMIv2", RFC 2238, November 1997.
4.0 Security Considerations
For HPR, the IP network appears to be a link. For that reason, the
SNA session-level security functions (user authentication, LU
authentication, session encryption, etc.) are still available for
use. In addition, as HPR traffic flows as UDP datagrams through the
IP network, IPsec can be used to provide network-layer security
inside the IP network.
There are firewall considerations when supporting HPR traffic using
the native IP DLC. First, the firewall filters can be set to allow
the HPR traffic to pass. Traffic can be restricted based on the
source and destination IP addresses and the destination port number;
Dudley Informational [Page 43]
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
the source port number is not relevant. That is, the firewall should
accept traffic with the IP addresses of the HPR/IP nodes and with
destination port numbers in the range 12000 to 12004. Second, the
possibility exists for an attack using forged UDP datagrams; such
attacks could cause the RTP connection to fail or even introduce
false data on a session. In environments where such attacks are
expected, the use of network-layer security is recommended.
5.0 Author's Address
Gary Dudley
C3BA/501
IBM Corporation
P.O. Box 12195
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
Phone: +1 919-254-4358
Fax: +1 919-254-6243
EMail: dudleyg@us.ibm.com
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6.0 Appendix - Packet Format
6.1 HPR Use of IP Formats
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6.1.1 IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
| |
| The formats described here are used for the |
| following LLC commands and responses: XID |
| command and response, TEST command and response, |
| DISC command, and DM response. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Byte | Bit | Content |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 0-p | | IP header (see note 1) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+1- | | UDP header (see note 2) |
| p+8 | | |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+9- | | IEEE 802.2 LLC header (see note 3) |
_____________________
| p+11 | | |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+9 | | DSAP: same as for the base APPN (i.e., X'04' or an |
| | | installation-defined value) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+10 | | SSAP: same as for the base APPN (i.e., X'04' or an |
| | | installation-defined value) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+11 | | Control: set as appropriate |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+12-n| | Remainder of PDU: XID3 or TEST information field, or |
| | | null for DISC command and DM response |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 1: Rules for encoding the IP header can be found |
| | | in RFC 791. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 2: Rules for encoding the UDP header can be |
| | | found in RFC 768. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Byte | Bit | Content |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 3: Rules for encoding the IEEE 802.2 LLC header |
| | | can be found in ISO/IEC 8802-2:1994 (ANSI/IEEE Std |
| | | 802.2, 1994 Edition), Information technology - |
| | | Telecommunications and information exchange between |
| | | systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - |
| | | Specific requirements - Part 2: Logical Link Control. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6.1.2 IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
| |
| This format is used for either LDLC specific |
| messages or HPR session and control traffic. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Byte | Bit | Content |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 0-p | | IP header (see note 1) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+1- | | UDP header (see note 2) |
| p+8 | | |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+9- | | IEEE 802.2 LLC header |
_____________________
| p+11 | | |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+9 | | DSAP: the destination SAP obtained from the IEEE |
| | | 802.2 LLC (X'80') subfield in the HPR Capabilities |
| | | (X'61') control vector in the received XID3 (see note |
| | | 3) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+10 | | SSAP: the source SAP obtained from the IEEE 802.2 LLC |
| | | (X'80') subfield in the HPR Capabilities (X'61') |
| | | control vector in the sent XID3 (see note 4) |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+11 | | Control: |
+-------+-----+-------+------------------------------------------------+
| | | X'03' | UI with P/F bit off |
+-------+-----+-------+------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| p+12-n| | Remainder of PDU: NLP |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 1: Rules for encoding the IP header can be found |
| | | in RFC 791. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 2: Rules for encoding the UDP header can be |
| | | found in RFC 768. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Byte | Bit | Content |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 3: The User-Defined Address bit is considered |
| | | part of the DSAP. The Individual/Group bit in the |
| | | DSAP field is set to 0 by the sender and ignored by |
| | | the receiver. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Note 4: The User-Defined Address bit is considered |
| | | part of the SSAP. The Command/Response bit in the |
| | | SSAP field is set to 0 by the sender and ignored by |
| | | the receiver. |
+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
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RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
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